
Glass Fif £ 

BooJt_uQ2y2- 



CONFEDERATE MONUMENT IN PARK EXTENSION, SAVANNAH. 




VIEW ON PRYOR STREET ATLANTA DURING A FLAG 
PRESENTATION. 



TIHIIE 



STATE OF 



J 



4 



r~\ 



RG 



IA: 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO 



IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, PRODUCERS AND 
MANUFACTURERS, FRUIT AND VEGETABLE 

GROWERS, AND THOSE DESIRING TO 
BETTER THEIR CONDITION. 



A 



V 



FRANCIS FONTAINE, 

STATE COMMISSIONER OF LAND AND IMMIGRATION 



WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. 



*r 



[1-073.] 




LIBEA.E-2" OF THE 

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION. 



Division 

Shelf JVo. 



I'KESKNTED BY 




ATLANTA, GEORGIA. 

1881. 



3v 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, 
By FRANCIS FONTAINE, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress. Washington, D. C. 
All rights reserved. 



PREFACE. 



The following letters are offered the Public as a suitable preface tr> 
diis pamphlet, in which testimony from Northern writers is copiously 
presented that truth without exaggeration may be given. 
Correspondence Augusta, (Ga.,) Chronicle. 

New York, May 5th, 1880. 

"The comparative growth of the thirteen original States, presents 
a record that is hard to realize. But, as evidence of the strange 
truthfulness of figures, compare New York and Georgia, the two that 
exhibit the highest rate per cent, of increase, and this is the result: 
In the 80 years from 1790 to J 870, New York increased in population 
12 fold, or 11.88 per cent., while Georgia increased 14 fold, or 13.44 
percent., the highest of any of the Atlantic States. That, too, with 
the greatest drawback as co distance from centres of population and 
trade, and in being out of the lineof immigration. But, as a still high- 
er proof of the vitality of the State, take the returns for 1870, including 
the five years of the war. During that time Maine aud New Hamp- 
shire both showed a decrease in population; but, in spite of a bloody 
and desolating war, partly within her own borders, in spite of the loss 
of life and property, in spite of what has been called "the indirect 
loss by the war in the check given to the increase of the native popu- 
lation," and the total cessation of immigration, Georgia showed an 
increase of 8 per cent, in her white population. The losses by death 
and disease in the Union army were put at 500,000, while those of the 
Confederacy amounted to 350,000, of which Georgia bore her share. 
These facts, taken in connection with the depressed condition of affairs 
immediately succeeding the war, make any increase of the whites 
most gratifying, and to rebuke the cry of persecution to the negro 
the record is that while there was only an increase of 9 per cent, 
throughout the entire Union, in Georgia there was a growth of 17 
per cent, of this colored ' bone and muscle ' of the country." 

General Wm. T. Sherman, of the United States Army, thus wr^te 
to the Editor of the Atlanta, (Ga.,) Constitution, in 1879: 

" Now that slavery is removed, there is no longer any reason why 
Georgia, especially the Northern part, should not rapidly regain her 
prominence among the great States of our Union. I know that no 
section is more favored in climate, health, soil, minerals, water, and 
everything which man needs for his material wants, and to contribute 
to his physical and intellectual development. Your railroads, already 
finished, giving your people cheap supplies, and the means of sending 
in every section their surplus products of the soil or of manufactures. 
You have immense beds of iron and coal, besides inexhaustible quan- 
tities of timber, oak, hickory, beech, poplar, pine, etc., so necessary 
in modern factories, and which are becoming scarce in other sections 
of our busy country. 

u North Georgia is peculiarly adapted to fruit orchards, to gardens 
and small farms, and all you need to make it teem with prosperity, is 
more people from that class of Northern farmers and manufacturers, 
and that other large class of European emigrants which has converted 



4 PREFACE. 

the great Northwest from a wilderness into comfortable homes for its 
millions of contented people. 

" I have crossed this continent many times, by almost every possi- 
ble route, and feel certain that at this time no single region holds out as 
strong inducements for industrious emigrants, as that from Lynch- 
burg, Virginia, to Huntsville, Alabama, right and left, embracing 
the mountain ranges and intervening valleys, especially East Tennes- 
see, North Georgia and Alabama. I hope I will not give offense in 
saying that the present population has not done full justice to this 
naturally beautiful and most favored region of our country, and that 
two or three millions of people could be diverted from the great West 
to this region with profit and advantage to all concerned. This whole 
region, though called 'Southern,' is, in fact, 'Northern,' viz.: it is a 
wheat-growing country ; has a climate in no sense tropical or Southern, 
but was designed by nature for small farms and not for large 
plantations. In the region I have named, North Georgia forms a 
most important part, and your city, Atlanta, is its natural center or 
capital. It is admirably situated, a thousand feet above the sea, 
healthy, with abundance of the purest water, and with granite, lime- 
stone, sandstone and clay convenient to build a second London. In 
1864, my army, composed of near a hundred thousand men, all ac- 
customed to a Northern climate, were grouped about Atlanta from 
June to November without tents, and were as vigorous, healthy and 
strong, as though they were in Ohio or New York. Indeed, the 
whole country from the Tennessee to the Ocmulgee, is famous for 
health, pure water, abundant timber, and with a large proportion of 
good soil, especially in the valleys, and all you need is more people of 
the right sort. 

"lam satisfied from my recent visit, that Northern professional 
men, manufacturers, mechanics and farmers, may come to Atlanta, 
Rome and Chattanooga with a certainty of fair dealing and fair en- 
couragement. Though I was personally regarded the bete-noir of the 
late war in your region, the author of all your woes, yet I admit that 
I have just passed over the very ground desolated by the civil war, 
and have received everywhere nothing but kind and courteous treat- 
ment from the highest to the lowest, and I heard of no violence to 
others for opinions' sake. Some Union men spoke to me of social os- 
tracism, but I saw nothing of it, and even if it does exist, it must dis- 
appear with the present generation. 

" Therefore, I shall believe and maintain that North Georgia is now 
in a condition to invite emigration from the Northern States of our 
Union and from Europe, and all parties concerned should advertise 
widely the great inducements your region holds out to the industrious 
and frugal of all lands." 

The following letter describes with equal truth the coast counties 
of Southeastern Georgia: 

CAMDEN COUNTY. 

"I am a native of New York State; did mercantile business for 
twenty years at Waverly, Ticga county, in that State ; came to 
Georgia for my health in 1869. Since my residence here, nearly ten 
years, myself and family have enjoyed uninterrupted health, winter 
and summer. From my experience and observation, I believe the 



PEEFACE. 5 

climate of the Southern coast of Georgia cannot be surpassed for 
health and comfort during the entire year. 

" The soil, with proper culture, will produce every variety of vege- 
tables, and is most grateful for kind treatment. Even with inferior 
cultivation, the soil yields a return that could not be realized in the 
most favored locality in the North, under the same treatment. For 
growing the orange, or any other semi-tropical fruit grown in Florida 
(north of the frost line,) the Southern coast of Georgia, for sixty miles, 
has advantages over the orange district ioo miles South. The orange 
tree is more hardy, less liable to injury from cold, and the fruit has a 
thinner skin and higher flavor. I have 1,500 trees. Not a single 
year old seedling killed by the cold last January, while the trees in 
central and middle Florida suffered serious injury. Farm crops suc- 
cessfully grown are cotton, corn, sugar cane, sorghum, peas and 
beans, Irish and sweet potatoes, oats, rye, etc. 

" This region is far more healthy than any section of the North or 
West with which I am acquainted, and we have at St. Mary's as 
peaceable and law-abiding class of people, white and black, as can be 
found in any section. So far as I have seen, there is less sectional 
feeling in the South than in the North, and I have never had any 
fear of personal violence to myself, family or to any Northern man 
who may desire to settle in Georgia. For nearly ten years that I 
have lived South, I have, without exception, received the kindest 
treatment and evidences of good will. 

" The men who now represent the condition of society at the South 
to be such as should deter a Northern man from settling here, are 
enemies to the poor, white and black, North and South. Such men, 
who still appeal to the passions, were not clothed in blue or gray 
(during civil strife) for honest purposes; if wearing either color they 
were the home guards, or men seeking some personal benefit or 
political position. I have no doubt the persistent misrepresentations 
of the Southern people, has deterred many good men from seeking 
homes in the South ; who, could they have known the truth, would 
now be in the possession and enjoyment of free and independent 
homes in the South, freed from 1 the anxieties of their present condition 
North. 

"Taxes in Pennsylvania and New York, where I have real estate 
interests, are as four to one in Georgia. In Georgia, taxes are low on 
a very low valuation ; in the North, they are high on a high valua- 
tion. 

" If all Georgians would work for Georgia as the Floridians work 
for Florida, the population would be doubled in ten years. 

" In my opinion there is no State in the Union that has the unde- 
veloped wealth of Georgia. Every variety of fruit and grain grown 
in the United States can be successfully grown in Georgia; its min- 
eral wealth is very great, and its advantages for manufacturing every- 
thing useful are unsurpassed. Every variety of climate, from the 
balmy air on its Southern coast, to its mountains and snow of winter 
in the Northern portion. 

" I am proud of my native State, New York, but equally as much 
interested in the prosperity and full development of my adopted State 
South. * * * * 

"SILAS FORDHAM, 
" St. Mary's, Camden County, Ga." 



6 PREFACE. 

Dr. George Little, the State Geologist, in his report for 1875, says; 

" Every fruit and cereal, and textile fibre useful to man, can be 
cultivated in one portion or another of the State. Every variety of 
climate is afforded, as illustrated in my own experience during the 
present month, when leaving one party on the Southern border 
sleeping in the open air on the islands of Okefinokee, with oranges* 
and bananas hanging in the gardens on its borders. I joined in the 
same week another party on the Cohutta mountains covered with 
snow; while in passing through Atlanta, balmy breezes were blowing 
as if it were spring-time." 

The object of this publication is to give official and reliable infor- 
mation in concise form to those who contemplate seeking new homes 
upon cheap lands of virgin fertility. Georgia, though a Southern 
State, is not tropical, but the entire State lies in the temperate zone, 
and is, by common consent, recognized as the " Empire State of the 
South." I have purposely copied verbatim, whenever accuracy was not 
sacrificed to brevity, the reports made to the Georgia Department of 
Agriculture, in order that every statement made shall be official, and 
that facts rather than theories, shall especially characterize the work.. 
For some of the illustrations and some important suggestions, I am 
indebted to the reliable "Guide to Georgia," by Prof. J. T. Derry, 
of Georgia. My acknowledgements are also due Mr. J. T. Hender- 
son, Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia, the Savannah, Florida 
and Western, and the Macon and Brunswick Railroads, and Messrs. 
W. T. McArthur and Wm. E. Dodge of the Georgia Land and Lum- 
ber Company, for courtesies and information extended. 

FRANCIS FONTAINE, 
Commissioner of Land and Immigration.. 

Atlanta, Ga., July 29, 1880. 



GEORGIA COMPARED WITH OTHER STATES. 



CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE. 

Statistics show that the population of Georgia differed from that of 
Michigan in 1870, only fifty souls, and the vital statistics show that 
their death rate is about the same. 



The yearly death rate 


in Georgia, is 1 to 88 




Illinois, " 1 " 73 


<( it 


Connecticut, "1 " 74 


K « 


Maine, " 1 " 77 


II (( 


Missouri, "1 " 51 


(( « 


Sweden, "1 "50 


<( t( 


Denmark, "1 " 46 


(( (( 


Great Britain, "1 "46 



" The mean annual temperature of Atlanta, is the same as that of 
Washington City, St. Louis, Missouri, and Louisville, Kentucky. 
The mean annual temperature in Southern Georgia, is 64 to 68° ; 
in upper Georgia it is between 5 2° and 56 ; while in the mountains 
it is 52 . The mean of Hall and Habersham counties corresponds 
with that of central Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, upper Missouri and lower 
Nebraska. " 

The following is a synopsis of the weather at Atlanta, Georgia, for 
four winters, with rainfall : 

TABLE. 



MONTH AND YEAR. 



December, 1876 

January, 1877 

February, 1877 

For the Winter... 

December, 1877. 

January, 1878 

February, 1878 

For the Winter . . . 

December, 1878 

January, 1879 

February, 1879 

For the Winter... 

December, 1879 

January, 1880 

February, 1880 

For the Winter... 



Temperature. 



03 
68 
68 



64 
75 



70 
71 
74 



11 

6 

25 

20 

17 
22 

17- 

7 
21 

10 
30 

28 



37.5 
45.5 
49.2 
44.0 
48.0 
40.3 
43.6 
44.0 
38.4 
42.2 
42.0 
40.9 
49.6 
52.8 
46.8 
49.7 



W 



4.10 
5.93 
3.10 

13.13 
4.11 
6.11 
3.30 

13.52 
4.87 
3.84 
2.72 

11.43 
7.20 
4.46 
5.11 

16.77 



15 

5 

29 

8 

6 

9 

23 

11 

9 

7 

27 

11 

12 

7 

30 



„ STATE OF GEORGIA, 

At Columbus, Ga., the thermometer for the past seven years has 
averaged each cotton season of twelve months sixty-five to sixty-eight 
degrees, and the rain fall from over fifty-one to fifty-eight inches. 

Snow falls in Northeast Georgia where the average elevation is 
1,500 feet, and the mountains attain a height of 5,000 feet, usually 
from two to three times a year, to a depth varying from two inches to. 
six inches. In Middle Georgia snow falls about once in three years, 
the depth varying from one-half to four inches. In Southern Georgia,, 
snow is rarely seen, and never sufficient to remain on the ground a 
day. The mercury seldom rises above 90°, or falls below 32°. The 
following is taken from Derry's Guide to Georgia. 

" From the Meteorogical Register kept by the officers of the Med- 
ical Staff at the United States Arsenal in Summerville, near Augusta, 
made at Sunrise, at nine o'clock A. M., three o'clock P. M., and 
nine o'clock P. M., for more than twenty years, we learn that the 
ttiean average temperature of the year at that point is 64° Fahr., and 
the mean monthly temperature to be as follows : 

"For January, 46°, 7' Fahr. For February, 50°, 7' Fahr. 
" March, 58°, 8' " " April, 65°, V " 

" May, 72°, 2' " " June, 79°, 

" July, 80°, 9' " " August, 79°, 7' " 
" Sept. 72«, 8' " " October, 63°, 5' " 

" Nov. 53°, 8' " " December 46°, 3' " 

"The mean temperature for the four seasons is shown to be, for the 
Spring, 65°, 3'; for the Summer, 79°, 9'; Autumn, 63 , 4'; Winter, 
47 p , 9'. The rain fall for the four seasons is, for the Spring, 10,16 
inches; Summer, 14. 14 inches; Autumn, 6.95 inches; Winter, 5.92; 
inches. The mean number of fair days during the year is 238'; 
cloudy days, 127; rainy days, 70; snow, about two days in three 
years. " 

The altitude of Thomasville, (Southern Georgia), is 330 feet aboVe 
the sea, and the mean animal temperature in Winter is about 53°, 
and in Summer about 83°, with the barometer at about 2o)4°. The 
healing influence of the pine forests blesses Middle and Southern 
Georgia where there are no extreme vicissitudes of temperature. Dr. 
T. S. Hopkins, writes: "I have before me the report of'the ther- 
mometer for Thomasville, Georgia, and Santa Barbara, California, 
for the month of January, 1875, as follows: At Thomasville the 
monthly mean temperature was 55°, 50'; highest temperature, 72° ;, 
lowest temperature, 38°. Santa Barbara, monthly mean temperature, 
53°> 5°'; highest temperature, 70°; lowest temperature 38°. In 
temperature, you will perceive, we have the advantage of Santa Bar- 
bara, while in the number of fair days we know of no region that can 
report more favorably." 

Eastman, Dodge Co., Georgia, is quite equal to Thomasville,. 
Georgia, or Aiken, S. C, as a winter sanitarium for people suffering 
from catarrh, bronchial and pulmonary diseases. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &o. 9 

St. Paul, Minnesota, has a mean annual temperature of 44 , 6'. The 
annual mean temperature of Winnepeg is 34 , 38', being over ten 
degrees colder on an average, taking the year round, than St. Paul, 
and eight degrees colder than Montreal. But beside this normal and 
necessary physical inferiority, resulting from a colder climate, a 
Mennonite farmer in Minnesota writes, December 5, 1879, as follows : 

" All wood required for building houses or fences is brought to my 
place of residence by railway, a distance of 135 to 200 miles. Hay is 
used as fuel. The Winter is long and severe, and cattle must be fed 
for at least six months of the year." 

The cheapest and best timber in the United States is in the State 
of Georgia, and no farm laborer has ever been charged for fuel. 
About 60 per cent, of the original forest growth is still standing, or 
22,200,000 acre§. 

The following comparisons are here offered to show the climatic 
advantages enjoyed by Georgia over the Northwestern States, which 
receive, it is alleged, over 80 per cent, of the immense immigration 
now coming to America. 

Mr. Henry G. Vennor, of Montreal, writes to the Albany Argus 
as follows : 

" We are again in Midwinter in Montreal, (8th March), with the 
thermometer three degrees below zero, a cutting wind and the best 
sleighing of the winter. The 5th, 6th and 7th days' prediction has 
been certified to the letter. The 5th gave a furious snow storm, 
and Quebec is yet blockaded." 

The Valdosta (Southern Georgia,) Times, of March 6th, thus de- 
scribes the situation there : 

"Strawberries in the middle of January; oats heading the first of 
March; sugar cane growing the entire winter and tasseling in March; 
pepper plant exposed, green through the entire winter, and green 
pods first of March; corn tasseling and in silk in February; Eng- 
lish peas and Irish potatoes from the garden in February ; thermome- 
ter 83 first week in March." 

We may add that the thermometer in the middle of Summer will 
show a more pleasant temperature than in regions further north, and 
that malarial diseases are not prevalent except on some of the water 
courses. 



TEMPERATURE TABLES. 

The following tables indicate the temperature at the places and for 
the times named : — 



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WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &o. Vd 



RECUPERATIVE POWER AND FINANCIAL CONDITION. 

THE NEGRO IN GEORGIA IN 1865 AND 1870. ENERGY 
OF THE PEOPLE. 

The recuperation from the losses caused by the late war between 
the States, has been as marked and rapid in the South as in France, 
since the Franco-German war. Germany exacted from France a 
war tax of five milliards of francs, but the cost, in francs, of 
emancipation alone to the Southern States was ten milliards. To 
this must be added the* "the tax on cotton" levied in 1866-67 by 
the General Government amounting to $60,000,000. Yet the 
finances of Georgia to-day show as good condition as that of any State 
in the American Union, and Georgia is the only State which "floats" 
a four per cent, bond which commands in the markets more than 
par value. The population of the ten cotton- growing States is less 
than twenty percentum of the population of the United States, but 
the balance of trade last year in favor of the ten Southern States 
amounted so $100,000,000. For their cotton alone, the ten South- 
ern States are credited with $162,304,250 besides having supplied 
the United States, while the total value of the domestic exports of 
the United States for the year ending June 30th, 1879., was but 
$717,093,777. 

Mr. John Bright thus wrote to a citizen of Georgia recently : 

"As for the South, you will have few Englishmen settle there so 
long as the old temper of your people continues to exist. We hear of 
the ill-treatment of the negro, and of the hostile disposition of your 
white people toward families who come from the North." 

The fact is, as hundreds of Northern settlers in every part of Geor- 
gia attest, Northern immigrants are cordially welcomed ; and as to 
the negro, let the following statement demonstrate that the great 
Liberal leader is in error. The negro freedmen of Georgia, who 
started in life as penniless laborers fifteen years ago, without capital 
and without experience, now own enough land to give six and one- 
tenth acres to each voter in the State. In the United States Senate, 
the Committee on the depression of labor, reported as follows: 

"Particular examination into the condition of colored men in the 
South, as disclosed by the testimony of both whites and blacks, repub- 
licans and democrats, showed the average compensation to be quite 
equal if not better than the average in any Northern State." 

From the report of the Comptroller General, we copy the following 
exact figures : 

* This tax has been decided unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the- 
United States. 



14 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

No. of negro polls in the State 88,522 

No. of acres of land owned by negroes 541,199 

City or town property, value $1,094,435 

Money and solvent debts 73,253 

House and kitchen furniture 448, 713 

Value of hogs, horses, cows, etc. 1,704,230 

Farming and mechanical tools 143, 258 

Other property not including crops, provisions, etc 369,751 
Value of whole property 5,182,398 

These returns were made on the oaths of the negroes themselves. 
We may be sure that there is no exaggeration, for neither negroes 

: nor others are likely to put too high a value on property which is to 
be taxed according to valuation. The increase in the number of 
acres returned in 1879, over the return of 1878, is thirty-nine thou- 

: sand three hundred and nine. 

According to the census of 1870, there were in Georgia 88,522 
negro polls, while the taxable value (which is less than the real value) 
of the property owned by them was $5,182,398. In 1865 they were 
penniless. According to the same census there are 888,081 producers 
in Georgia, and the value of the cotton crop produced by them last 
year is more than $30,000,000. 

If the 595,192 ignorant colored people and former slaves of Georgia 
have accumulated property, with title mfee simple, as stated above, 
surely the intelligent immigrant from Europe or the Northern States 
of the Union can do much better. Can they do as well in the West- 
ern States? The above official statement proves that the penniless 
immigrant who lands in Georgia with a determination to work reso- 
lutely can soon acquire a competence. 

A glance at the condition of Georgia before the late war, will de- 
monstrate the advantages the State offers as a field for the investment 
of capital. The wealth of Georgia in i860, was, in the aggregate, 
$645,895,237, or nearly $1,100 to each citizen. In 1870, five years 
after the close of the war, the aggregate was reduced to $268, 169,207, 
being $268 to each inhabitant. Hence, our loss is the emigrant's 
gain, and a million acres or more, located near railroads or navigable 
streams, are offered for settlement at a less price than public lands of 
the U. S. Government. 

(The public lands of the United States are divided into two classes : 
those held at the usual price of $1.25 per acre, and those which lie 
in sections alternate with railroad lands, and are consequently put at 
$2.50.) I am authorized to offer land at from $1.00 to $5.00 per 
acre in quantities to suit purchasers. Land, with improvements, can 
now be bought for $5:00 per acre, which would have cost the pur- 
chaser $50.00 per acre in i860, and it is intrinsically as valuable now 
as it was then. Meanwhile the price of land in Georgia is steadily 
rising in value. There are 35,000 more white voters than colored 
voters in Georgia. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c 15 

TERRITORIAL EXTENT, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 

AND CAPACITY FOR POPULATION, WAGES 

IN GEORGIA AS COMPARED WITH WAGES 

IN THE NORTHERN STATES. 



By Land Measurement there are 37,120,000 acres in Georgia. 

The first census was taken in 1790, or 80 years before — Georgia 
then had only 82,000 inhabitants. In other words, there has been an 
increase of over a million people in 80 years. In 1790 the State had 
only 11 counties, of these Wilkes, with 31,000, Richmond, with 11,000, 
and Chatham, with 10,000, were the largest, and Camden, with 305, 
was the smallest; and there were only two Representatives in Con- 
gress. The State grew rapidly in the next ten years, showing an 
increase of nearly a hundred per cent, in population, which was the 
beginning of that growth which now shows 137 counties and nine 
Members of the United States House of Representatives. 

The population of Georgia in 1850, was 906,185 ; in i860, 1,136,- 
692; increase, 230.507, or 25 43 per cent.; the population in 1870 
was 1,184,109, increase 47,417, or 4 per cent. But for the war the 
increase from i860 to 1870 would probably have been 288,720, 
instead of 47.417, or 60,326 persons per annum actually lost by battle 
and prevention of increase in population. But the material loss in 
property has even greater significance when we consider Georgia's 
present condition. The wealth of the people of Georgia was, in 1850, 
$335,426,000; in i860, $645,895,000; increase, $310,469,000, or 
90 per cent. In 1870, $268,169,000; decrease, $377,726,000, or 58.5 
per cent. At the former rate the increase would have been 90 per 
cent., $581,305,000, making the wealth of 1870, $1,227,200,000. 
Actual wealth, 268,169,000; loss, 959,031,000. The loss was more 
than three times as great as the property left, and the estimate at that 
in greenbacks, not gold. The above facts are treated in extenso in 
the " Hand Book of Georgia." Thus we have had about seven years, 
increase in population and twenty-five years' loss of wealth. 

Before the war between the States interest was low and material 
development was rapid. Georgia is a new State, so far as its attrac- 
tions to immigrants are concerned, in that the price of land has 
receded from $50 per acre to $5 per acre, while hundreds of thousands 
of acres may be bought for $1.50 per acre, sometimes less. 

In this connection, the following additional quotation is here 
inserted : 

{Special Cor. Boston Advertiser.} 

"Woodside, Richmond Co., Ga. ? 
"April 2, 1880. \ 

" I find, in one of our prominent Northern papers, the following 
positive assertion : ' Throughout (the italics are mine) the South the 
laws relating to the laboring class are unjust, and if justly framed are 
not enforced with strict impartiality.' The object of this assertion is 
apparent ; it is charity to suppose it to be made in ignorance of the: 
facts. 



16 STATE OF (GEORGIA, 

The Bill of Rights in Georgia. 

" In this letter I shall confine what I have to say to the State of Geor- 
gia. The present Constitution of this State was ratified in 1877 ; the 
Convention which framed it was, it must in justice be said, Demo- 
cratic. The bill of rights guarantees to every citizen natural, civil and 
religious liberty as large and unclouded as does that of my own State 
of Massachusetts. Paragraph xxiii., of Section 1, especially provides 
that ' the social status of the citizen shall never be the subject of legis- 
lation.' The laws also give equal protection to all ; in effect, however, 
tending to protect the laborer against the capitalist. They create a 
lien upon property for taxes, for judgments or decrees of Court, and 
in favor of laborers, mechanics, contractors and others. 

" The wages of laborers cannot be garnished. Article viii of the 
Constitution provides for a thorough system of common schools, free 
to all the children of the State, white and black. Without going 
further into details, which is unnecessary, as the Constitution and 
laws are accessible to all, it is apparent that the legal provisions for 
the enfranchisement and protection of labor are abundant. 

" I do not know what Southern State is to bear the burden of this 
charge of legalized injustice to her laboring classes; I do know that 
it is not to be borne by the State of Georgia. 

" The impolicy of unjust and proscriptive laws is better understood 
in Georgia and the South than it seems to be in California. The 
laborer is better paid, and is, as a class, more contented than his 
brother laborer in Massachusetts or New York or Pennsylvania. 

The Question of Wages. 

"Recently, in looking over the accounts of a large plantation, I 
found the average wage-rate for men and women to be $9. 10 per 
month for full hands. The low wage-rate, when compared to that of 
the North for the same class of labor, is more apparent than real. 
The full plantation hand who obtains $8 or $9 per month, has, in 
addition to his stipend, his rations, his house-rent free, his fuel, and 
usually a small plat of land, upon which he grows with the help of 
his family, a few necessary vegetables, or perhaps a small bale of the 
great staple of the South. 

"To present the comparison between the plantation hand here and 
the common laborer at the North more fully, I estimate the planta- 
tion hands' wages as follows : 

12 months' labor, at $9 $108 00 

12 " rations, at 10c. per day 36 50 

12 " rentof cabin 25 00 

12 " fuel 10 00 

12 " rent of house plot 5 00 

Wages of full hand for one year $184 50 

ii Our common laborer at the North obtains for similar work : 

313 days' labor at $1 10 per day $344 30 

Deducting rent $75 00 

Fuel. 25 00 

Food for one person, able-bodied and 
working 100 00 200 00 

Net wages for the year $144 30 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. IT 

" It will thus be seen that the plantation hand realizes in money, or its 
just equivalent, forty dollars per year more for his labor than his brother 
laborer in the North. Besides this pecuniary advantage, the negro 
has a climatic advantage in food and clothing, which the Northern 
laborer cannot overcome." 

As an evidence of the need of population in Georgia, and of the 
desirability of securing a population of intelligent small proprietors 
rather than an addition of laborers in the cotton field, the following 
statistics are offered : 

" France has an area of 201,900 English square miles, and a popu- 
lation of 36,102,921, or an average of about 178 to the square mile. 
This sub-division of the 90,000,000 acres that are cultivated is owned 
as follows : There are 5,550,000 properties. Of these, the properties 
averaging 600 acres, number 50,000; those averaging 60 acres, 
500,000; while there are 5,000,000 holdings under 6 acres. The 
peasants are well off, conservative, and contented, though a hundred 
years ago," says a writer in the North American Review, "they were 
just the reverse." 

The population of Georgia is about 20 to the square mile, and a 
farm of ten acres in Georgia will yield as great annual profit as a 
similar farm in France will. There are 37,120,000 acres in Georgia. 
Ireland has an area of 20,819,829 statute acres, or 3 1,874 square miles. 
She has a population of 5,411,416. Guernsey (including adjacent is- 
lands,) which is entirely divided up into small agricultural holdings, has 
an area of 19,605 statute acres, and a pupulation of 33,969. Ireland 
has thus, in rough numbers, a population of one person to every four 
acres, while Guernsey has a population of nearly two persons to every 
acre. Yet Guernsey is prosperous, and Ireland is miserable. Guern- 
sey's peasants are proprietors; Ireland's peasants are tenants-at-will. 
Belgium has 451 persons to the square mile. Italy has 237 inhabi- 
tants to the square mile. The Netherlands 179 to the square 
mile. Switzerland has 175 people to the square mile, but the soil 
of Switzerland is very equally divided among the people, only about 
half a million of the total population of 2,669,147 owning no land. 
From the countries where small holdings or peasant proprietors pre- 
vail the emigration is slight. An exception is to be made concerning 
Germany, for it is not the land system but the landwher — a military 
conscription and a government of force — which impels the mass of 
German emigrants to free America. 

The report of the Congressional Committee on the depression of 
labor in the United States shows that there are 160,000 Chinamen 
West of the Sierra Nevadas, besides from 1,500 to 2,500 Chinese 
women of the vilest character, who are slaves. These people pay less 
taxes than the Chinese criminal expenses amount to, and send $100,000 
a day, $3,000,000 a month, and $40,000,000 a year to China. The 
money paid them in thirty years, the committee find, has reached 
$600,000,000; and yet they buy no land, and spend no money, ex- 
cept for a little coarse food, because they get their rice from China. 
There are no Chinese in Georgia, and in whole counties the white im- 
migrant will have little, if any competition with negro labor, the 
colored population being very sparse in many parts of the State. 
The utmost harmony prevails between the two races, however, 
and the colored people of Georgia are rapidly becoming taxpaying 



18 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

landholders and thrifty farmers. We do not fear the "exodus," (so- 
called,) nor do we desire that our negro population should leave the 
State. Its broad area of 58,000 square miles, with an average length 
of 300 miles and an average width of 200 miles, offers better homes 
to them, and to the poor of other countries, than they can obtain, 
elsewhere. The average wages paid to mechanics in Georgia is from 
$1.50 to $3.00 per day. 



GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION OF GEORGIA. 

The State of Georgia lies in the Southeastern portion of the United. 
States. 

(From the Manual of Georgia). 

The nominal divisions of the State are three-fold, to wit : Southern, 
Middle «and Northern Georgia. These correspond, in the order 
stated, with the three great natural divisions, viz : the low country, 
the hill country and the mountain region. 

Southern Georgia lies below the line crossing the heads of naviga- 
tion of the rivers, a portion of which flow into the Atlantic Ocean, and 
a portion into the Gulf of Mexico. It is the largest of the three 
divisions, comprising about 35,000 square miles. It lies, for the most, 
part, below the level of 300 feet above the sea, the average elevation 
being about 250 feet. 

Middle Georgia lies between the heads of navigation and the eleva- 
tion of 1,000 or 1,100 feet, the average being 750 feet. It has an 
area of 15,000 square miles. 

Northern Georgia constitutes the Northern portion of the State, and 
embraces all the mountains of any note, and much hill country. It. 
has an area of about 10,000 square miles. The Eastern half has an 
average elevation of about 1,500 feet, whilst there are mountain 
chains that rise to the height of 3,000 feet, and peaks to 4,800 feet. 
The Western half is much lower, the general elevation being only 750 • 
feet, with mountains up to 2,000 feet. 

The average elevation of the surface of the State is 650 feet above 
the sea. 

These three divisions of the State differ in soil and climate, and, to- 
some extent, in productions, as we shall have occasion to note more 
particularly hereafter, when we come to treat of those several topics. 

The mountains of Georgia constitute the Southern terminus of the 
great Appalachian chain, which, commencing at the mouth of the St. 
Lawrence, in the North, traverses that portion of America lying East 
of the Mississippi River, conforming in general direction to the line of. 
coast, until it finally loses itself in Georgia and Alabama, in the 
South. 

Though mountainous, this Northern or Upper Georgia division is- 
interspersed with rich valleys and hill country, susceptible of cultiva* 
tion. 

The following are the elevations (by U. S. Coast Survey measure*- 
ments,) of prominent mountains in Georgia: 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 19 

Enota in Towns County is 4,796 feet high. 

Rabun Bald in Rabun County " 4,718 " 

Blood in Union County " 4,468 " 

Troy in Habersham County ..."4,435 " 

Cohutta in Fannin County ''4,155 " 

Yonah in White County " 3,168 

Grassy in Pickens County "3,090 " 

Walker's in Lumpkin County "2,614 " 

Pine Log in Bartow County " 2,847 " 

Sawnee in Forsyth County .." 1,968 " 

Kennesaw in Cobb County " 1,809 " 

Besides these easily recognized mountain ranges, there are other 
elevated ridges which form the water sheds, separating the drainage 
areas of the different rivers. The Blue Ridge divides the waters flow- 
ing into the Tennessee from those of the Savannah flowing to the 
Atlantic on the one hand, and those flowing to the Chattahoochee 
and the Gulf of Mexico on the other. 




STONE MOUNTAIN. 



Middle Georgia is undulating throughout, without mountains, or 
level plains to any great extent, and is a very productive portion of 
the State. With the exception of a narrow belt on the coast, it has 
been the longest settled. Nearly every acre of it is susceptible of cul- 
tivation. The remaining division or Lower Georgia, is, for the most 
part, a level country, the soil generally light, and the natural forest 
growth is generally pine — the yellow, long-leaf pine so famous in com- 
merce. This is the finest timber region on the continent, and the 
rivers and railroads furnish cheap and convenient transportation facili- 
ties to Brunswick, Darien and Savannah, whence steamers convey the 
timber to Northern and foreign ports. 

Georgia has a sea-front of about 200 miles, indented with some of 
the finest harbors on the Atlantic coast. Savannah, Darien, Bruns- 
wick and St. Mary's are her principal sea-ports, all of which can com- 
municate by inland navigation through channels running inside of a 
chain of islands which line the coast throughout its entire length." 



20 STATE OF GEOBGIa, 

Stone Mountain is a remarkable natural curiosity. It is near the 
Georgia Railroad, sixteen miles from Atlanta. This peak of solid 
granite is nearly two thousand feet in height and six or seven miles in 
circumference.' The Stone Mountain granite is highly esteemed for 
building purposes, and is extensively used in Atlanta, Augusta, 
Macon, and other cities in the State. 



BRUNSWICK HARBOR. 

According to a trigonometrical survey, made in 1856, under the 
direction of A. B. Bache, Superintendent of the Coast Survey of the 
United States, under command of Lieutenant Colonel S. D. Tren- 
chard, the depth of water and rise and fall of the tides at Brunswick, 
is as follows : 

FEET. 

Least depth at low water _ 18.0 

" "high " 24.8 

" " " spring fftles -.26.2 

" "high " 26.9 

Eise of highest tides 8.9 

Fall of lowest tides 2.3 

Mean rise and fall of tides 6.8 

" " " " " Springtides 8.2 

It will be seen from the above official statement that the port of 
Brunswick can accomodate vessels of the heaviest draft. 

The 32d parallel of North latitude passes nearly through the centre 
of the State. 

Georgia, from her geographical relations, is also the natural high- 
way to the teeming products of the great agricultural heart of the 
country, the Mississippi Valley. 



TEMPERANCE STATISTICS. 
GEORGIA AND MASSACHUSETTS. 

"Wherever a people," says Mr. John Bright, of England, "are 
not industrious and are not employed, there is the greatest danger of 
crime and outrage." 

Believing that there is less crime and fewer idlers in the South than 
in any other part of the United States, we offer the following figures 
gleaned from the report for 1880, of Commissioner Raum, of the 
United States Internal Revenue Department. That document has 
the list of retail liquor dealers in the United States. There are 
165,850 in the Union. According to Mr. Raum there are in the six 
New England States the following number of retail liquor dealers. 

Massachusetts 6,333 

Connecticut 2,372 

New Hampshire 826 

Vermont 440 

Rhode Island 1,275 

Maine 694 

Total.... 11,940 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 2) 

Let us take six of the Southern States : 

Georgia 2,617 

Louisiana. 3,559 

Mississippi 1,392 

North Carolina... 1,759 

South Carolina.. 1,272 

Texas 3,392 

Total 13,981 

The census of 1870 gives the New England States 3,487,724 souls. 
The same census says that the six Southern States above named con- 
tained 5,334,812. At this writing the increase in the population of 
Texas would bring the six Southern States up to about 7,000,000. So 
it will be seen the New Englanders have two bar-keepers to one in 
the South. According to proportic*i of the inhabitants, and were the 
example of Massachusetts to be followed, Georgia should increase her 
retailers from 2,372 to over 6,000. 

A Northern gentleman, of extensive experience as a traveler, who 
has passed several winters in Southern Georgia, thus describes it: 

"It is pre-eminently the country for men of moderate means to 
come to. For eight months in the year, the climate is the superb 
climate of the South of France and Northern Italy. Hundreds of days 
are like the best days of October and early June in the North, when 
with the balmy breezes and clear skies, it is simply a pleasure to live.' 



TRANSPORTATION. 

{From the Manual of Georgia.) 

There is a good and safe inland navigation along the Georgia coast, 
from Savannah to Florida, connecting with the river St. John's, of 
the latter State, a distance of about 200 miles. 

Georgia has 2,396 miles of railroad completed and in operation, or 
about one mile of road to every 488 inhabitants. 

The river Savannah is navigable by steamers the year round from 
its mouth to Augusta, a distance of about 250 miles, and thence, by 
fiat or " keel " boats, to its confluence with the Broad, about 100 
miles further by water. 

The Altamaha and its tribuary, the Ocmulgee, are navigable by 
steamers to Hawkinsville, in Pulaski County, a distance of 340 miles, 
and will soon be open to Macon, some 60 miles higher up. The 
Oconee, another tributary of the Altamaha, is open to steamers to the 
Central Railroad bridge, in Washington County, a distance of 340 
miles from Darien. 

The Chattahoochee, including the Apalachicola, is navigable from 
the Gulf of Mexico to Columbus, a distance of 400 miles. 

The Flint is navigable 150 miles, to Albany, in Dougherty County, 
and can be readily opened to a much higher point. 

The Coosa runs 40 miles in Georgia, and is open to Greensport, 
Alabama. Its tribuary, the Oostanaula, is navigable 105 miles above 
Rome, and work is now progressing to open it 30 miles further. 



22 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

In addition to these, may be mentioned the Satilla, St. Mary's, 
Ocholochnee, Ohoopee and Ogeechee Rivers aggregating about 15a 
miles, making a total of about 2,000 miles of river navigation within 
the State. 



RAILROADS IN GEORGIA. 

The following is a list of the railroads in this State, together with, 
the length of each within the State lines : 

Western & Atlantic, from Atlanta to Chattanooga, Ttnn..i38 miles- 
Marietta & North Ga., from Marietta to Canton 24 " 

Rome Branch, from Kingston to Rome 20 "' 

Cherokee R. R., from Cartersville to Rockmari 23 " 

A. & R. Air-Line, from Atlanta to Charlotte — in Ga 100 "■ 

Northeastern, from Athens to Lula City — 40 u 

Elberton Air-line, from Elberton to Toccoa City 51 " 

Georgia, from Augusta to Atlanta 171 " 

Washington Branch, from Barnett to Washington 18 " 

Athens Branch, from Union Point t > Athens 39 " 

Savannah & Augusta, from Augusta to Millen 53 " 

Georgia Central, from Savannah to Atlanta 295 " 

Sandersville Branch, from Tennille to Sandersville 3 " 

Eatonton Branch, from Gordon to Eatonton 39 " 

Thomaston Branch, from Barnesville to Thomaston 16 " 

Savannah, Griffin and N. Ala., from Griffin to Carrollton. . 60 " 

Savannah & Skidaway, from Savannah to Isle of Hope 9 " 

Montgomery Branch, from Isle of Hope to Montgomery- . 4 " 
Savannah, Florida and Western, from Savannah to Bain- 
bridge 237 " 

Live Oak Branch, from Lawton to Live Oak, Fla 48 " 

Albany Branch, from Thomasville to Albany 60 " ; 

Macon & Augusta, from Macon to Camak, Ga. R. R 74 " 

Macon & Brunswick, from Macon to Brunswick 186 " 

Hawkinsville Branch, from Cochran to Hawkinsville 10 " 

Brunswick & Albany, from Brunswick to Albany 172 " 

Southwestern, from Macon to Eufaula, Ala 140 " 

Muscogee Branch, from Fort Valley to Columbus 71 " 

Perry Branch, from Fort Valley to Perry •--. II " 

Albany Branch, from Smithville to Albany 23 y z " 

Arlington Branch, from Albany to Arlington 35 ^ " 

Fort Gaines Branch, from Cuthbert to Fort Gaines 22 " 

North & South, from Columbus to Kingston 20 " 

Selma, Rome & Dalton, from Dalton to Selma, Ala. — in Ga. 67 " 

Atlanta & West Point, from Atlanta to West Point 86^ " 

East Tennessee, from Dalton to Bristol, Va. — in Ga 18 " 

Chattanooga & Alabama, from Chattanooga to Selma, 

Ala. — in Georgia -- 25 " 

Dodge's R. R., from Eastman, Dodge Co., to Ocmulgee R. 

completed - 18 " 

A railroad will be constructed during the next two years between- 
Macon and Atlanta, and it is probable that another will be built from 
Rome to Chattanooga. The North and South Railroad is being 
rapidly extended, and will probably be continued until it reaches- 
Rome via La Grange. 



WHAT IT OFFEKS TO IMMIGBANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 23 

Senator Brown, of Georgia, thus described, in a speech delivered in 
United States Senate, June ist, 1880, the value of Savannah, Georgia, 
as a National port, and the transportation advantages of Georgia: 

" The port of Savannah is the third cotton port in the union. It has 
a large and growing commerce. During the business season more 
than one foreign steamer per day clears from the port. The railroad 
connections that have been recently made and the extensions of lines 
that have been completed within a short time past, are such that the 
line leading to Savannah is looked to in the future as one of the great 
competing lines for the business between the West and the Eastern 
cities. There is a railroad line now pretty well consolidated under 
the control of the Louisville and Nashville railroad company from the 
city of St. Louis, Missouri, to the city of Chattanooga, Tennessee. 
That corporation controls that line. In connection with that is the 
Western and Atlantic railroad of Georgia. That road is an open 
"highway under its charter to continue its use for all the roads that 
approach it, having a web of five roads at the Chattanooga end and 
four at the Atlanta end. That, then, extends the line from Chatta- 
nooga to Atlanta. Then we have the Central railroad to Savannah. 




AVENUE IN BONAVENTURE CEMETERY, SAVANNAH. 

" Then there is a line of steamers controlled mainly by the Central 
railroad that plies between the port of Savannah and New York. 
Thev have already five steamers on the line. They are building 
another splendid steamer for it. They intend to increase the number 
until they have a daily steamer between Savannah and New York. 



24 



STATE OF GEORGIA, 



"As I am informed, a careful estimate shows the line from St. Louis- 
to New York by way of Savannah, on principles recognized among 
railroad and steamship men in prorating, is seventy miles shorter than 
the line by way of the Pennsylvania railroad. 

The port of Savannah, then, is a national port. The West is as- 
much interested as the South is in the port. The roads I have men- 
tioned extend from the State of Missouri through the States ot Illinois, 
Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, a portion of Alabama and through, 
Georgia to the coast. There are seven states that are directly inter- 
ested in a line that proposes to open a way for the productions of the 
great West to the markets of thewodd through the South, by the port, 
of Savannah." 

A straight line from St. Louis, or the mouth of the Ohio, shows 
that the Atlantic coast of Georgia is much nearer and more accessi- 
ble to the commerce of the West than that any other State in the Union* 




PASSENGER DEPOT AND ENVIRONS, ATLANTA. 

No part of Georgia has, of late years, increased more rapidly in 
wealth and population than the Northern section of the State. To 
this part of Georgia belongs Atlanta, the capital, a city remarkable 
for its rapid growth, as well as for the enterprise and public spirit of 
its people. In i860 the population was 10,000. In 1864 Atlanta was. 
almost totally destroyed by Gen. Sherman. The old citizens returned 
to the ashes of their former homes in 1865, and began to rebuild the city. 
The following table will show the growth of Atlanta and its neigh- 
bors for the past ten years. 

1870. 

Atlanta 31,789 

Marietta '. 1,888 

Gainesville 473 

West End 631 

*This is an approximation only. The Chicago Tribune estimating the, 
population of Atlanta at 45,000, states that the ratio of increase is larger m. 
Atlanta than in any city in the United States, except Denver, Cbl., andi 



1880. 

*40,000 

3,575, 

1,943: 

776 


Increase. 

18,311 

687 

1,470 

155 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 2 

PERSONAL RIGHTS. 

No greater personal rights are granted to immigrants in any State 
of the Union than in Georgia. Every man is allowed to think, and 
speak, and vote as he pleases. If he is harmed in person, property 
or character, for exercising this inestimable privilege, the law will 
zealously enforce his rights and is a sure remedy. The law creates a 
lien upon property in favor of laborers, mechanics and landlords. 
There is no such thing as imprisonment for debt, and a reasonable 
amount of property is exempt from seizure or sale on account of debt. 
Religious freedom prevails, and there is no connection between Church 
and State. No religious qualification is necessary for office, or 
necessary to constitute a voter, the only condition being that the man 
shall be 21 years old, and shall have complied with the naturalization 
laws of the United States. The people choose their own officers and 
one man's ballot is as good and as powerful as another's. Any citizen 
of the State has a right to hold any office in the State, for he is no 
longer a "foreigner" after he becomes a citizen of Georgia. The home- 
stead exemption will prevent any creditor from taking away the home 
of your family. 



HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION. 

The Constitution of Georgia exempts from levy and sale, by virtue 
of any legal process whatever, (except in the cases named below,) of 
the property of every head of a family, or guardian, or trustee of a 
family of minor children, or every aged or infirm person, or person 
having the care and support of dependent females of any age, real or 
personal estate, or both, to the value, in the aggregate, of sixteen 
hundred dollars. Said property, however, is liable to levy and sale 
for taxes, for the purchase money of the same, for labor done thereon, 
for material furnished therefor, or for the removal of incumbrances 
thereon. The exemption includes not only the property itself, but 
all improvements made thereon after it is set aside. A mortgage of 
property by the father during his lifetime, cannot, after his death, de- 
prive his minor children of a homestead, or exemption right in the 
mortgaged premises. 



LEGAL PROVISIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST. 

No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, except by 
due process of law. 

Every person has the right to prosecute or defend his own cause in 
any of the courts, in person, by attorney, or both. 

Every person charged with an offense against the laws of this State, 
shall have the privilege and benefit of counsel ; shall be furnished, on 
demand, with a copy of the accusation, and a list of the witnesses on 
whose testimony the charge is founded; shall have compulsory pro- 
Minneapolis, Minn. I quote as follows from the Tribune : "The cities show- 
ing the largest ratio or increase are Atlanta, Ga., 106 per cent.; Denver, Col., 
614 per cent.; Minneapolis, Minn., 244 per cent.; Milwaukee, Wis., 92 per 
cent.; St. Paul, Minn., 100 per cent.; Waterbury, Conn., 103 per cent.; Meri- 
den, Conn., 80 per cent ; and Camden, N. J., 84 per cent. It will be noticed 
that there has been a very surprising growth in manufacturing cities. 



26 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

cess to obtain the testimony of his own witnesses ; shall be confronted 
by the witnesses testifying against him, and shall have a public and 
speedy trial by an impartial jury. 

The rate of taxation in Georgia, for State purposes, varies from 
year to year, according to the wants of the government from 70 cents to 
100 cents on each $100 worth of property. The several counties are 
authorized, in addition, to levy a tax for county purposes, not to ex- 
ceed fifty per cent, on the amount of State tax levied for the same 
year. 

Perfect freedom to worship God according to the dictates of his 
own conscience, is guaranteed to every citizen. 

No inhabitant of this State shall be molested in person or property, 
or prohibited from holding any public office or trust, on account of 
his religious belief. 

No law shall ever be passed to curtail, or restrain the liberty of 
speech or of the press. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, pa. 
pers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not 
be violated ; and no warrant shall issue except upon probable cause, 
supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place or 
places to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. 

The social status of the citizen shall never be the subject of legisla- 
tion. 

There shall be no imprisonment for debt. 

The right of the people peaceably to assemble, and, by petition or 
remonstrance, apply to the government for a redress of their griev- 
ances, shall not be denied. 

All citizens of the United States, resident in this State are to be 
considered citizens of this State, and the Legislature shall make all 
necessary laws for their protection as such. 

No conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate. 

Private property shall not be taken, nor damaged for public pur- 
poses without just and adequate compensation to the owner. 

No ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, 
shall be passed. 

No total divorce shall be granted, except on the concurrent verdicts 
of two juries, at different terms of the Court. 

Cases respecting titles to land shall be tried in the county where 
the land lies. All other civil cases shall be tried in the county where 
the defendant recides, and all criminal cases in the county where the 
crime was committed, except cases in the Superior Court, where the 
Judge is satisfied that an impartial jury cannot be obtained in the 
county. 

Grand jurors are drawn from the body of the people, and must be 
experienced, intelligent and upright men. Traverse jurors are drawn 
in the same way, and must be intelligent and upright men. 

Titles to land can be passed only by will or deed in writing duly 
executed. 

The entailment of estates is prohibited by law. Gifts or grants in 
tail convey an absolute title. 

In making his will, a testator may do what he chooses with his 
property, except that he cannot prejudice his creditors; and the 
law considers his wife so far a creditor that he cannot deprive her of 
dower, except with her consent. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS. &c. 27 

A wife, notwithstanding marriage, continues to be the legal owner 
of the property she possessed at the time of marriage, and of any that 
may accrue to her by gift, bequest, or her own acquisition, after mar- 
riage. 

Upon the death of an intestate, his widow may elect to take a dower 
or one-third interest for life, in the lands of her deceased husband, and 
share and share alike with the children in the personal property ; or, 
she may relinquish her right of dower, and take a child's part, share 
and share alike, in all the property, to be her own, absolutely. 



STATE CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 

{From the Manual of Georgia.) 

The Georgia Academy for the Blind is located at Macon, 
TBibb County, and is supported almost entirely by the State. Pupils 
of both sexes, between the ages of 7 and 25 years, are admitted, 
though males over 25 are received for instruction in the various 
trades. The pupils are taught all the elementary branches of an 
English education, together with the Holy Scriptures, history and 
.music. They are also instructed in such mechanical trades as can be 




ORPHAN'S HOME, AUGUSTA. 



28 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

imparted to the sightless. The blind are thus redeemed from ignor- 
ance through this public charity, and taught to be useful, and even, 
self-supporting. The school is conducted by a Principal, two Profes- 
sors, three assistants, and a Master of Workshops. 

Deaf and Dumb Institute. — This school is located at Cave 
Spring, in Floyd County, one of the most romantic and delightful 
sections of the State. It is also supported by the State, and annu- 
ally turns out quite a number of this truly unfortunate class, educated, 
sufficiently to enable them to enjoy free intercourse with others, 
and with occupations by which, with proper industry, they have no 
difficulty in earning a support. The most approved system of in- 
struction is adopted in this institution, as well as in the Academy for 
the Blind. Besides the Principal, there are four male teachers, one 
female teacher and a matron. 

Lunatic Asylum. — The State of Georgia, many years ago, 
erected, at a heavy cost, near Milledgeville, then the seat of govern- 
ment, an Asylum for the care of lunatics, and, by means of liberal 
appropriations, has enlarged the charity from year to year until the 
inmates have come to number 845, of whom there are whites, 710 — 
376 male, and 334 female. The blacks are separately provided for 
and number 135, of whom 69 are males, and 66 females. The Asylum, 
is both a home and a hospital. Under skillful physicians and nurses, 
the patients receive the best of attention, and large numbers are an- 
nually restored to health of mind and body. About ten years ago, 
the Legislature passed an act setting aside the Okefinokee Swamp, 
containing about 500,000 acres of land — decided to be reclaimable at: 
a small cost compared with its value for timber and agricultural pur- 
poses, as a permanent endowment for a State Orphans' Home. 



BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 

The Free and Accepted Masons, the most ancient of orders 
and by far the most numerous in the State, has over 280 lodges and 
about 15,500 members. There are also eight chartered Command- 
eries, with 320 members. 

The Independent Order of Odd Fellows has 48 lodges, and 
about 2,000 members. 

The Knights of Pythias, Knights of Honor and Sons of~ 
Malta have each lodges in all of the cities and some of the smaller 
towns of the State, but we have failed to obtain definite information, 
regarding them. 

The Independent Order of Good Templars, a benevolent 
order, with a pledge of total abstinence from intoxicating drinks, has 
3C0 working lodges and a membership numbering 10,000. 

Besides these, nearly all the churches have relief societies, and 
benevolent associations exist in all the cities of the State. A meri- 
torious claim to charity, or temporary aid, is seldom disregarded in 
Georgia; 

Georgia has 2,396 miles of railway transportation, 2,000 miles of 
river ti ansportation, public schools free to all the children of the 
State, 213,000 spindles in operation, a climate unexcelled, and a. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 29- 

"Bill of Rights" that guarantees as much civil, religious, political, 
and social liberty as any American State can offer. Immigrants are 
cordially received, there is no class society, and integrity, industry 
and sobriety will admit the new comer into any society which his 
education would enable him to enter at the North or West. 



WESLEYAN FEMALE COLLEGE. 

Macon, the fourth city of Georgia, is situated on both sides of the 
Ocmulgee River, at the head of steamboat navigation, and is also in 
the middle section of the State. It is surrounded by a productive 
country, and is connected by rail with the cities of Atlanta, Columbus, 
Augusta, Savannah, Albany, and Brunswick. The first lots were 
sold in 1823. It is now a thriving and beautiful city. It has an ex- 
tensive trade, large foundries, a cotton- factory, flouring mills, and 
planing-mills. Its yearly receipts of cotton are seventy-five thousand 
bales. 

Macon might appropriately be called " the city of colleges." The 
Wesleyan Female College, belonging to the Southern Methodist 
Church, ranks among the best institutions of the kind in the Union. 
It has the honor of being the first college in the United States to con- 
fer diplomas upon females. 



EDUCATION IN GEORGIA. 

Georgia lost by the war $377,726,000. 

The population of Georgia, as stated in the census of 1870, the last 
taken, numbers 1,184,109. Of these 638,926 are white, and 595,192 
black and mulatto, who became free citizens in 1865. 

* The census of Macon in i860 was 7,247; in 1870, 10,810; an increase of fifty 
per cent. The present census is not yet complete, but a hasty glance shows 
that within the corporate limits the increase in the last ten years has been equally 
as great. The city is full ; there are not six houses in its corporate limits for rent. 
The postal business of Macon is greater than that of any city (Atlanta excepted) 
in North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama. The wholesale 
dry goods and shoe trade of this city is larger than that of any city in the State. 



30 STATE OF GEORQIA, 

It will thus be seen that the conditions which rendered it advisable 
to establish free public schools for the whole population, without 
prejudice as to color, race or previous condition, were very different 
from those which existed in the North and West when free public 
schools were established there. In 1795 the lands in Ohio known as the 
" Western Reserve," belonged to Connecticut, and were sold in that 
year for $1,200,000. This sum was consecrated to the support of free 
schools in Connecticut. Massachusetts held wild lands in the colony 
of Maine, and thus provided a fund for the support of free schools. 
In the Western States generally, the 16th section of every township 
-was granted for school purposes by the national government. The 
lands thus granted amounted to 68,000,000 acres, and were sold for 
$60,000,000. Georgia has had none of these advantages. The com- 
mon school funds in the various States consist of grants of lands made 
by the general government supplemented by poll and property taxa- 
tion. In Georgia we have to depend on taxation alone. Knowing 
that the records of crime and pauperism prove that the proportion of 
criminals from the illiterate classes is ten-fold greater than from those 
having the benefits of education, and the proportion of paupers among 
the former is sixteen times greater than among those of the educated 
classes, the State of Georgia has done all that in its impoverished 
•condition after the late war it could do, but will not stop in the good 
work until every child in Georgia is at liberty to receive education at 
the expense of the commonwealth. 

The following table will demonstrate the progress already made, as 
found in the annual report of the State School Commissioner pub- 
lished on November 6th, 1878. 

" There have been enrolled in the schools in the successive years 
since the beginning of the work as follows: In 1871, white pupils, 
42,914; colored, 6,664; total, 49,578; in 1873, white, 63,922; 
colored, 19,755; total, 83,677 ; increase over the attendance of 187 1, 
34,099; in 1874, white, 93,167 ; colored, 42,374; total, 135,541; in- 
crease over the attendance of 1873, 51,864; in 1875, white, 105,990; 
colored, 50,358; total, 156,394; increase over the attendance of 1874, 
20,808; in 1876, white, 121,418; colored, 57,987; total, 179,405; 
increase over the attendance of 1875, 2 3» 011 > i n 1877, white, 128,296; 
colored, 62,330; total, 190,626 ; increase over the attendance of 1876, 
11,221. 

The Commissioner further says : 

" In 1874, the number of persons between ten and eighteen years 
old unable to read, was reported as follows : white, 26,552 ; colored, 
79,692 ; total, 106,244. The same figures as repoated this year, are 
as follows : white, 22,223 ; colored, 63,307; total, 85,630. Notwith- 
standing the great increase in school population reported, the decrease 
in the number of illiterates is as follows : white, 4,229 ; colored, 16,385 ; 
total, 20,614. These figures show that our effort towards the extin- 
guishment of illiteracy, notwithstanding the meagerness of the means 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 31 

put at our disposal, have not been without results, and especially do 
they show that our colored citizens are not disposed ' to despise the 
day of small things,' as to educational privileges." 

Yet it will be seen that Georgia has not waited for Congressional 
aid, but, in all that goes to make the laboring classes comfortable 
and prosperous, challenges comparison with any Northern State of 
similar population. The colored people have developed a great desire 
to get an education, and remarkable aptitude in acquiring it. The 
testimony of the board of visitors annually appointed by the governor 
declares that the capacity displayed by the colored pupils is in every 
respect equal to that displayed by white pupils, within the same field 
and under the same limitations. This is peculiarly gratifying to the 
white citizens of Georgia, who have voluntarily done all in their power 
to advance the material, moral and educational interests of this hitherto 
dependent race. Last year a public school was established in every 
militia district in the State. Nearly five thousand were in operation, 
and two hundred and ten thousand children were given schooling. 
This year the fund will be supplemented by the tax on retail liquor 
establishments, and by this and other means the commissioner hopes 
to extend the school term in every portion of the State. 

Mr. Hoar, of Massachusetts, has introduced a bill in Congress, pro- 
viding that the receipts from the public lands and the patent office, 
and the income from the public lands shall be appropriated as a 
school fund, the most of which, during the first ten years, is to be 
spent in the Southern States. 



SOILS OF GEORGIA. 

The traveler in the great West must be impressed with the unifor- 
mity of the landscape. Almost as flat as Holland, the vast prairie 
seems endless as sea or sky, and the eye of the immigrant is delighted 
with the luxuriant crops which indicate a rich soil. He forgets that 
the poor farmer is in the grasp of the octopus-like railway corpora- 
tions that control transportation and discriminate in freight charges 
against the poor producer and in favor of the rich landlord. He forgets 
that hay is used for fuel, and that the cost of transportation to market 
is so great frequently, that the luxuriant crops of corn made cannot be 
sold at a profit. He forgets that the civilized world is the competitor 
of the wheat grower, and that it is estimated that the wheat crop of 
the present year will exceed the demand for export by 100,000,000 
bushels. He forgets that the railroads have so far overcome compe- 
tition, that in future Western grain must be expected to pay much 
more for carriage to the seaboard than heretofore, while ocean freights 
are not likely to rule so low as during the last few years of commercial. 



32 



STATE OF GEORGIA, 






. HI 



depression. 
One of the 
best authori- 
ties in the 
United States, 
theA^w York 
Co m mercial 
Bulletin, thus 
warns him : 

"Our agri- 
culture is tak- 
ing its seat at 
such an im- 
m e n s e dis- 
tance from the 
seaboard, that 
either the rail- 
roads or the 
farmers must 
suffer serious 
deductions for 
tran sporta- 
tion, in order 
to comp ete 
with Euro- 
pean farmers. 
And, what is 
of more im- 
mediate i m - 
portance, our 
grain crops 
have reached 
such a state 
of over-sup- 
ply, that when 
Europe re- 
gains average 
seasons, w e 
cannot hope 
to escape a depression in the prices of grain that will compel a com- 
parative contraction of that branch of industry." 




CAPACITY OF GEORGIA SOIL UNDER HIGH CULTURE. 

{From the Manual of Georgia. ) 

We proceed to give the results of a number of experiments in the cul- 
tivation of those products, in each of those divisions, conducted with 
proper preparation and fertilization — such as are given in the more 
densely settled portions of the world. As but little is accomplished 
'by inadequate means in any department of human industry, the actual 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 33 

producing capacity of a country can only be tested by the results of 
jtidicious culture. The crops to which we shall refer, were reported 
to the various State and county fairs within the past few years, and 
both the culture and its results were verified by the affidavits of dis- 
interested parties. 

In 1873, Mr. R. H. Hardaway produced on upland, in Thomas 
County, (Lower Georgia), 119 bushels of Indian corn, or maize, on 
one acre, which yielded a net profit of $77. 17. 

In the same county, the same year, Mr. E. T. Davis produced $6*4 
bushels of rust-proof oats per acre. After the oats were harvested, he 
planted the same land in cotton, and in the Fall gathered 800 pounds 
of seed cotton. 

Mr. John J. Parker, of the same county, produced, in 1874, on one 
acre, 694^ gallons of cane syrup, at a cost of $77.50. The syrup, at 
75 cents per gallon, the market price, brought $520.87 — net profit 
from one acre, $443.37. 

In 1874, Mr. Wiley W. Groover, of Brooks County, (Lower Georgia) 
produced, with two horses, on a farm of 126^ acres, without the aid 
of commercial fertilizers, cotton, corn, oats, peas, sugar cane and 
potatoes, to the value of $3,258.25. The total cost of production was 
$1,045.00, leaving net proceeds of crop, $2,213.25. The stock raised 
on the farm was not counted. 

Joseph Hodges, of the same county, produced, on one acre, 2,700 
pounds of seed cotton ; Wm. Borden, 600 gallons of syrup ; J. Bower, 
500 bushels of sweet potatoes; J. O. Morton, 75 bushels oats. Mr. 
T. W. Jones made 12 barrels, or 480 gallons of syrup on one acre, 
and saved enough cane for seed. 

In Bulloch County, (Lower Georgia) 3,500 pounds seed cotton were 
produced by Samuel Groover, and in the same county 21 barrels 
sugar at one time, and 700 gallons syrup at another, per acre. 

In Clay County, Mr. Hodge produced from one acre, a few 

years ago, 4,500 pounds of seed cotton. 

Mr. J. R. Respass, of Schley County, gathered the present year 
(1878) a little upwards of 500 bushels of oats from five acres. 

Mr. J. R. Respass, of Schley county, (Lower Georgia) in 1877, by 
the use of fertilizers, grew on five acres of naturally poor land, 15,000 
pounds of seed cotton, which netted him when sold $66.02 per acre. 

Mr. H. T. Peeples, of Berrien County, reports t ) this Department a 
crop of 800 bushels of sweet potatoes grown on one acre of pine land. 

In 1876, Mr. G. J. Drake, of Spalding County, (Middle Georgia), 
produced 74 bushels of corn on one acre of land. 

Mr. John Bonner, of Carroll County, made three bales of cotton 
(500 pounds each) on one acre. Mr. R. H. Springer, of the same 
county, produced nine bales from five acres, without manures, and 
ninety-four bales from one hundred acres by the use of fertilizers. 

In 1873, Mr. S. W. Leak, of the same county, produced on one 
acre 40 % bushels of wheat, worth $80.50; cost, $14.50; net profit, 
$66. 

In Wilkes County 123 bushels corn was produced on one acre of 
bottom land; also 42 bushels Irish potatoes on one-tenth acre, the 
second crop same year on same land ; the first crop was very fine, but 
not so good. 

Mr. J. F. Madden, of the same county, produced in 1876, on one 
acre, 137 bushels of oats. 



34 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

Mr. T. C. Warthen, of Washington County, (on the line of Middle 
and Lower Georgia,) produced in 1873, on 1.1125 acres, 6,917 pounds 
of seed cotton, equivalent to five bales of 461 pounds each, worth at 
17% cents per pound, the average price of that year, $403.37. ' The 
cost of culture was $148.58; net profit, $254.79 for a very small 
fraction over one acre. 

Dr. Wm. Jones, of Burke County, produced 480 gallons syrup on 
one acre. Wesley Jones, of the same county, produced three bales 
of cotton, 500 pounds each per acre. Jas. J. Davis, in same county, 
made in 1877, with two mules, thirty-four bales of cotton, 500 pounds 
each, 600 bushels corn, and 300 bushels oats. Wm. C. Palmer, of 
same county, made in 1877, with one mule, twenty-five bales of cot- 
ton, 500 pounds each, and a fair crop of corn. Henry Miller of same 
county, produced in 1877, sixty- five bushels corn per acre, first year, 
on reclaimed swamp, without manures. 

Mr. R. M. Brooks, of Pike County, (Middle Georgia), produced in 
in 1873, on five acres of bottom land, 500 bushels of rice. The total 
cost was I75 ; net profit $300. 

Mr. R. B. Baxter, of Hancock County, (Middle Georgia), in 1872, 
harvested at the first cutting, first year's crop, 4,862 pounds of dry 
clover hay per acre. 

Mr. A. J. Preston, of Crawford County, gathered from one acre of 
Flint River bottom 4,000 pounds seed cotton, and from another on 
same place, 115 bushels corn. 

Dr. T. P. Janes, of Greene County, (Middle Georgia), produced in 
1871, five tons of clover hay per acre in one season, at two cuttings. 

Mr. Patrick Long, of Bibb County, (on the line of Middle and 
Lower Georgia) harvested from one acre of land, from which he had 
gathered a crop of cabbages in June of the same year, 8,646 pounds 
of native crab-grass hay. 

Mr. S. W. Leak, in Spalding County, (Middle Georgia), gathered 
in the Fall of 1873, from one acre, from which he had harvested 
forty bushels of wheat in June, 10,726 pounds of pea-vine hay. Net 
profit from wheat, $66; from pea- vine hay, $233.08, making in one 
year from a single acre, a net profit of $299.08. 

Mr. William Smith, of Coweta county (Middle Georgia,) produced 
2,200 pounds seed cotton per acre on ten acres. 

Mr. Edward Camp, of the same county, produced 1,000 bushels- 
oats from ten acres. 

Mr. J. T. Manley, of Spalding county, (Middle Georgia,) produced 
115 bushels of oats from one acre. 

Mr. S. W. Bloodworth, of the same county, gathered in 1870, 137 
bushels of corn from one acre. 

Mr. L. B. Willis, in Greene county, (Middle Georgia) in June, 1873, 
from one acre and a third, harvested twenty bushels of wheat, and the 
following October, 27, 130 pounds of corn forage. From the forage 
alone he received a profit of $159.22 per acre. 

Dr. W. Moody, of the same county, harvested, at one cutting, from 
one acre of river bottom, in 1874, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda grass 
hay; cost, $12.87, value of hay, $209.29, net profit, $196.42. 

Mr. J. R. Winters, of Cobb county (Upper Georgia,) produced in 
1873, from 1. 15 acres, 6,575 pounds of dry clover hay at the first cut- 
ting of the second year's crop. 

Mr. T. H. Moore, of same county, produced on one acre 105 bush- 
els of corn, while Mr. Jeremiah Daniel produced 125 bushels. 



WHAT IT OFj?BilS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 35 

Mr. R. Peters, Jr., cf Gordon county, (Upper Georgia,) harvested 
in 1874, from three acres of lucerne, tour years old, fourteen tons and 
200 pounds of hay, or 9,400 pounds per acre. 

Capt. C. W. Howard produced, on Lookout Mountain, in Walker 
county (Upper Georgia,) in 1874, on one acre of unmanured land, 
which cost him twenty-five cents per acre, with one hoeing and plow- 
ing, 108 yi busnels of Irish potatoes, which he sold in Atlanta at a 
net profit of $97.25. On land manured and better prepared and 
worked, double that quantity could be produced. 

Mr. Thomas Smith, of Cherokee county, produced 104 bushels of 
corn from one acre. 

Mr. John Dyer, of Bibb county, produced in 1873, from one acre, 
at a cost of $8 00, 398.7 bushels of sweet potatoes, which he sold at a 
net profit of 290.92. 

Mr. Haddon P. Redding, of Fulton county, in 1877, produced from 
one acre, 400 bushels of St. Domingo yam potatoes, which he readily 
sold in Atlanta at an average price of $1.00 per bushel. 

These instances of production are exceptional, and far beyond the 
usual results of farming in our State ; but they serve to show the 
capacity ot our soil when properly fertilized, and cultivated with intel- 
ligence under the guidance of science. It will not be denied, however, 
that what the parties named have accomplished on a limited scale, 
may be done by others on still larger areas, and with corresponding 
results. 



THE AVERAGE YIELD AND PRODUCTIONS OF GEORGIA. 
NORTH-EAST GEORGIA. 

To the robust, no climate can be more bracing or delightful than 
the beautiful mountain region of North-east Georgia. Mount Yonah, 
the Cohutta range, the Currahee and others, with peaks attaining 
sometimes an altitude of 5,000 feet, form a landscape resembling 
that of the "Saxon, Switzerland." From the summit of Tray moun- 
tain hundreds of peaks are visible. 

In North-east Georgia, 

" The clay, or sub-soil, is usually found from four to six inches be- 
low the surface on uplands, from one to two feet in the valleys, and 
from two to six feet in river bottoms. The original forest growth is 
chiefly red, black, post and white oaks ; chestnut, black-jack, hickory, 
short-leaf and spruce-pine, cedar, dogwood, black-gum, walnut, with 
poplar, ash, elm, sycamore, birch, sweet gum and white oak on the 
lowlands. This is the great auriferous region of the State, the net 
yield of gold being equal to that of any section of the Union, Califor- 
nia not excepted. Copper, lead, magnetic iron ore, mica, asbestus 
marble, ruby, serpentine, corundum, are also found in considerable 
quantities, and may be mined with profit. 

" The lands are generally rich and productive, the yield depending 
wholly on the skill used in their cultivation. 

"This division embraces nineteen counties, stretching from the 
Savannah and Tugalo rivers in the east, to the Cohutta range of 
mountains in the West. It is that part of the State which possesses 
the greatest elevation, the average being 1,500 feet above the level of 
the sea, while there are peaks which rise to an elevation of nearly 
5,000 feet." 



Banks, 


Dawson, 


Fannin, 


Franklin, 


Gilmer, 


Gwinnett, 


Hall, 


Hart, 


Jackson. 


Madison, 


Milton, 


Pickens, 


Towns, 


Union, 


White, 



S6 STATE OF GEORGIA 

This region comprises the following counties : 

Forsyth, 
Habersham, 
Lumpkin, 
Rabun. 

"The staple field products are Indian corn, wheat, oats, rye, bar- 
ley, clover, the various grasses, and sorghum cane, while in the 
Southern portion of the division cotton is grown to a considerable ex- 
tent. The average yield per acre under fair cultivation, is : corn, 
20 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; 
barley, 25 bushels; hay, from 2 to 3 tons; sorghum syrup, 75 gal- 
lons; cotton, 400 pounds in the seed. Under high culture, two, 
three and sometimes four times this production is realized. Tobacco, 
buckwheat and German millet can also be grown with great success. 
The planting and harvest times of the division are as follows : corn, 
15th March to 15th May, gathered in fall months; wheat and other 
small grain sowed in October, harvested in June and July; cotton 
planted 15th April to 15th May, gathered in fall months; sorghum, 
planted in April, cut in August. A very large proportion of the 
laborers, both iarm and mine, are white. 

" The fruits best adapted to the section are, the apple, cherry, pear, 
grape, plum, in all its varieties, peach, gooseberry, raspberry, straw ■ 
berry — the last named producing equally well in all parts of the State 
with like cultivation. Almost every variety of vegetable attains to 
great perfection. 

" The climate is unsurpassed on the continent for comfort and salu- 
brity during nine months of the year. The mean temperature in 
Summer is 70°, Fahrenheit; in Winter, 35 ° ; highest temperature, 
90 Q ; lowest, 8° — periods of greater heat and cold being exceptional. 
Snow falls usually from two to three times during the winter season, 
especially in the northernmost counties, to a depth, varying from two 
to six inches. In the Southern tier of counties, there are occasional 
winters without a fall of snow. 

" Springs and running streams abound in all parts of the district; 
water powers unsurpassed; spring and well water freestone, and not 
excelled in any country. Mineral springs — sulphur or chalybeate — 
abound in nearly all the counties of the district." 

Northwest Georgia, particularly the lime-stone soils, is peculiarly 
adapted to Red Clover and the English Grasses, and is more fertile 
generally than Northeast Georgia, and there the cheapest charcoal 
pig iron in the United States is made. 

There is much picturesque scenery in Northwest Georgia. The 
view from High Point and Point Lookout, on Lookout Mountain, is 
magnificent. Seven States can be seen from these points. 

The soils are calcareous and argillaceous ; clay, red and yellow. 
In all other respects our description of the natural conditions and 
capabilities of Northeast Georgia will apply to this division, with the 
single exception of temperature, the difference in elevation being ac- 
companied by the usual variations of heat and cold. The productions 
are, in all respects, the same. 



WHAT IT OFFEKS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 37 

In one or two respects this division enjoys peculiar advantages 
•over its eastern neighbor. It has not only a larger area of tillable 
land, but a much greater proportion of valley and bottom. Its facili- 
ties for transportation are also greater, the Western and Atlantic 
Railroad traversing its centre from the northern to the southern 
boundary, while tributary roads supply a good portion of the country 
to the right and left of the main line. 

" Its average elevation above the sea is only 750 feet, or about 50 
per cent, less than that of Northeast Georgia. The characteristic 
minerals are limestone, slate, iron ores, coal, manganese, sandstone, 
baryta, some gold, all of which, except the last, are found in great 
quantities. Several valuable veins and gravelly deposits of gold have 
been developed and worked, with handsome returns. 

" Immense coal beds lie in the Northwestern Counties of this divi- 
sion, to wit: Dade, Walker and Chattooga. The supply seems to be 
inexhaustible; the mines are reached by railroads which connect with 
main trunks, and, in the immediate vicinity, are immense deposits of 
best iron ore. 

" The following counties are included in Northwest Georgia: 
Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Cherokee, 

Cobb, ' Dade, Floyd, Gordon, 

Haralson, Murray. Paulding, Polk, 

Walker, Whitfield. 

'•'Northwest Georgia extends from the Cohutta Mountains and 
Chattahoochee Ridge to the Eastern boundary of Alabama." 



MIDDLE GEORGIA. 

The original forest growth consists of red, post, Spanish and white 
•oaks, and black-jack, hickory, short-leaf pine, with some long-leaf on its 
Southern bcrder; poplar, dog- wood, elm, chestnut, maple, beech, 
birch, ash, black locust, sweet and black gums, walnut and some 
cedar. This division has three varieties of soil — red or clay, gray and 
gravelly, and light and sandy, the last named being limited in extent 
and confined to the long-leaf pine localities on the Southern border. 
The two former possess great productiveness and durability. After 
the coast country they were the first settled, and Middle Georgia has 
continued to be the most populous divison of the State. While the 
lowlands are of the best quality, the uplands are unsurpassed in fertil- 
ity and luxuriance of forest growth. 

This division embraces thirty-nine counties, and has an area of 
about 15,000 square miles. It extends across the State from the Sa- 
vannah River in the East, to the Chattahoochee River in the West. 
Its Southern border may be described with tolerable accuracy by a 
line from Augusta through Macon to Columbus. It is marked by the 
head of navigation of the principal rivers. The Northern border may 



38 



STATE OF GEOKGIA, 



be described by a line running through Athens and Atlanta. It is 
about one hundred miles in width. Its average elevation is 750 feet. 
The entire region is metamorphic; its rocks, granite, gneiss, mica,, 
quartzites, hydro-mica schist, with some limestone and soapstone. 
These rocks all extend from the Northeast to the Southwest, and are 
crossed frequently at right angles by trap dykes. Its chief minerals 
are gold, copper, lead, asbestus, graphite, chromic iron, serpentine 
and soapstone. Gold is found in districts wide apart, and has been 
worked with satisfactory profit in a few localities, more especially in 
McDuffie, Lincoln, Wilkes and Carroll. Asbestus is also mined to 
some extent. 

" This section embraces thirty-nine counties, as follows: 



Baldwin, 


Douglas, 


Jones, 


Putnam, 


Bibb, 


Elbert, 


Lincoln, 


Rockdale, 


Butts, 


Fayette, 


McDuffle, 


Spalding, 


Campbell, 


Fulton, 


Meriwether, 


Talbot, 


Carroll, 


Greene, 


Monroe, 


Taliaferro, 


Clarke, 


Hancock, 


Morgan, 


Troup, 


Clayton, 


Harris, 


Newton, 


Upson, 


Columbia, 


Heard, 


Oconee, 


Walton, 


Coweta, 


Henry, 


Oglethorpe, 


Warren, 


DeKalb, 


Jasper, 


Pike, 


Wilkes, 



"The staple field products are cotton, corn, outs and wheat, while 
all the grains and grasses, and even tobacco, may be grown success- 
fully. The average yields with ordinary culture, are: Cotton, 550 
pounds in seed per acre; corn, 12 bushels; wheat, 8 bushels; oats, 
25 bushels; barley, 30 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 
bushels ; field peas with corn, 5 bushels. Ground peas, chufas, pump- 
kins, and, indeed, almost every field product, are successfully cultiva- 
ted. Very many farmers double the above averages year after year, 
whilst under high culture the product is multiplied four or five times,, 
as will be seen in the chapter on that subject. 

" The planting and harvest periods of leading products are: Cotton,. 
April, September to December; corn, March, October; wheat, Oc- 
tober and November, May and early June; other Fall grains harves- 
ted same time ; those sowed in February and March harvested in 
June. The fruits to which the section is best adapted are the peach,, 
fig, apple, pear, strawberry, raspberry, melons of all kinds. The 
peach attains here and in Southwest Georgia, its greatest perfection, 
and immense quantities are raised for export, both in their natural and 
dried slate ; the same may be said of the apple and blackberry, thougb 
the latter is a spontaneous growth, and yields abundantly in a wild, 
state. Almost every other variety of fruit known in the Southern 
States thrives well in this division. The table vegetables are all 
grown successfully, the hardier varieties the year round. The climate 
is a happy medium between those of Southern and Northern Georgia, 
and, in healthfulness, equal to that of any part of the world. There 
is much uniformity of temperature, sudden rises and falls occurring 
but rarely. The mean annual temperature is 6o° to 64 . Snow falls 
about once in three years, the depth varying from \yi to 4 inches. 
Every portion of the division abounds in running streams, while the 
spring and well waters are excellent. The difference in elevation be- 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IM \IIGR VNTS. CAPITALISTS. &c. 39 

tween the Northern and the Southern portions of the division being 
from 650 to 700 feet, the water powers are probably unrqualed by 
those of any similar area on the continent. It would be difficult to fix 
a limit to its manufacturing facilities in this respect." 



EAST GEORGIA. 

This division of the State embraces the country lying between the 
heads of tide water in the East, and the Ocmulgee River in the 
West, and South to the corner of Liberty, Tattnall and Appling, 
while the Counties of Twiggs, Wilkinson, Washington, Glascock, 
Jefferson and Richmond, indicate its- limits in the North. It differs 
from Middle Georgia in several important respects ; its geological 
formations are tertiary instead of metamorphic : its average elevation 
is only about 250 feet above the sea; its surface is more level; its 
soils, for the most part, loamy or sandy ; subsoil clay, red and yellow, 
four to six inches below the surface in clay lands, 8 to 12 inches in 
sandy lands ; its forest growth is princially pine ; it contains calcar- 
eous marls in considerable deposits. It is also the commencement of 
the section in which the sugar cane can be profitably cultivate 1, while 
its rocks, which are few, are of a sedimentary character, with Iron ore 
and Buhr stone in several localities. Deposits of kaolin and pipe clay 
are found along its entire length from East to West. While pine is 
the leading forest growth, and the chief timber for building and export, 
there are also large tracts of oak and hickory. The soils in such lo- 
calities are rather clayey or gray, chiely the latter, and admirably 
adapted to the production of cotton and corn ; cypress abounds in the 
swamps and lowlands. The County of Burke was, for many years, 
and until the late revolution in our system of labor, the leading cotton 
producing County of the State. The comparatively fresh lands of 
Decatur have, of late years, enabled her to claim and hold the champ- 
ionship in this particular product. Cotton, with corn, wheat (the 
adaptation to which lessens as we proceed southward into the pine 
lands,) oats, rye, barley, sugar cane, potatoes, constitute the staple 
products of the section. 

The average yields per acre with fair culture, are: "Cotton, 350 lbs.; 
corn, 14 bushels ; wheat, 12 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; cane syrup, 
300 gallons; potatoes, 150 bushels; barley, 30 bushels. There is 
much high culture in the district, and these results are often quadru- 
pled. The seasons for planting and harvesting are nearly the same 
as those of Middle Georgia, perhaps from 10 to 14 days earlier. The 
district is famous for its excellent fruit, especially peaches, strawber- 
ries and melons, large quantities of which are exported annually to 
Northern markets, Richmond, Burke and Washington being the 
principal counties engaged in the trade. The fig, grape — especially 



40 STATE OF GEOEGIA, 

scuppernong — pear, plum, are all grown successfully. All the vege- 
tables thrive well. 

"The district is well watered, and water powers are ample for all 
purposes. The climate is perceptibly milder in Winter than that of 
Middle Georgia, and the average temperature in Summer higher ; 
snows light, and only fall once in every four or five years. The aver- 
age price of wood-lands in the oak and hickory section is $7 to $10 
per acre, and improved lands $4 to $6; in the pine country uncleared 
lands can be bought from $1.25 to $2 per acre; improved farms from 
$5 to $10. Both can be had on liberal credit. 

" The Bermuda and sedge grasses of the old fields in the upper tier 
of Counties, and the wire grass and cane of the Southern tier, afford 
the finest ranges for cattle and sheep the greater portion of the year. 
The Southern Counties abound in fish, deer and nearly every species 
of wild game. 

" This section of the State embraces the country lying between the 
heads of tide water in the East, and the Ocmulgee River in the West, 
and South to the corner of Liberty, Tatnall and Appling, and em- 
braces the following Counties : 

Bulloch, Jefferson, Pulaski, Telfair, 

Burke, Johnson, Richmond, Twiggs, 

Dodge, Laurens, Screven, Washington, 

Emanual, Montgomery, Tatnall, Wilkinson. 

Glasscock, 



SOUTHEAST GEORGIA. 

This division embraces 15 counties, and comprises the coast and 
tide-water section of the State. The entire region is tertiary and 
mostly without rocks. 

It has three distinct soils : 1, light, sandy ; 2, dark sandy loam con- 
taining a large amount of vegetable matter ; 3, reddish and clayey. 
The second variety is covered with a natural growth of yellow pine, 
magnolia, red bay, live-oak, cedar and cabbage palmetto, and in pro- 
ductiveness is excelled by no land in the State ; it has a yellow clay 
subsoil, varying from 10 inches to 3 feet; Sea-island cotton, corn and 
sugar cane grow in the greatest luxuriance. The third variety is also 
very productive, pine, oak, hickory and gum being the prevailing 
forest growth ; subsoil clay, red and yellow ; average depth below the 
surface 8 to 12 inches. It is the great rice-producing section of the 
State — the broad bottoms of the Savannah, the two Ogeechees,. 
the Altamaha and Satilla, being devoted almost exclusively to that: 
cereal. It is also grown to a less extent on the St. Mary's, and con- 
siderable quantities on inland swamps, the irrigation in the latter 
being affected by means of "backwater," collected from rains and 
secured by dams. Sea-island, or long staple cotton, was the only 
variety formerly grown, but of late years the short staple has been 
introduced and cultivated with fair success. Corn, oats, pumpkins, 
potatoes, ground peas all do well. The sea- islands are devoted almost: 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 41 

exclusively to cotton, corn, cane, fruits and vegetables. Cypress and 
palmetto abound in rhe swamps and river bottoms. 

Average yield, per acre, of staple crops, with fair cultivation : Sea- 
island cotton, 600 lbs. in seed; corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; 
rice, 40 bushels ; cane syrup, 300 gallons ; potatoes, 200 bushels. On 
best lands — 1,500 lbs. seed cotton, 60 bushels rice, 600 gallons syrup, 
50 bushels corn, 40 bushels oats, 400 bushels potatoes— are often pro- 
duced on one acre. Corn planted middle of February till 1st of June, 
gathered in August and September; cotton planted March and April, 
gathered in autumn months ; rice planted March to June, harvested 
last of August till 1st of October; cane planted February and March, 
cut in October and early in November; potatoes planted March to 
June, gathered July to November ; oats sowed in October, harvested 
in May. 

This section comprises the coast and tide-water section of the State, 
and embraces 15 counties, as follows: 

Appling, Chatham, Effingham, Pierce, 

Bryan, Clinch, Glynn, Ware, 

Camden, Coffee, Liberty, Wayne, 

Charlton, Echols, Mcintosh, 



SOUTHWEST GEORGIA. 

This division is composed of 33 counties, and embraces all that 
country lying between the Ocmulgee and Allapaha Rivers in the East 
and the Chattahoochee River in the West; the Northern boundary 
being a line from Macon to Columbus, and the State of Florida its 
boundary in the South. Like Southeast Georgia the entire region 
is tertiary. It is more broken or rolling than Southeast Georgia, and 
with the exception of marl, buhr and limestone, is in a great measure 
destitute of rocks. It has also a greater proportion of clay lands and 
oak and hickory forest growth, although much the larger part of it is 
a light sandy soil, and was originally covered with yellow, or long leaf 
pine. 

The clay lands are, generally, very rich, and their fertility lasting ; 
the pine lands produce freely, are easily worked, but are less durable. 
The district contains very Utile waste land, or lands too poor or too 
s wampy for cultivation, while the alluvial lands of the Chattahoochee 
and Flint Rivers, and of many of the creeks, have made the section 
famous as the best cotton regions of the State. Corn, oats, wheat, 
rye and sugar cane grow well. 

The depth of the subsoil beneath the surface, on clay lands, is 6 to 
10 inches ; on sandy lands, from 1 2 inches to 3 feet. The prepond- 
erating forest growth is long leaf, or yellow pine, furnishing the best 
of lumber, large quantities of which are prepared annually for export 
and domestic use. The supply would seem to be almost inexhaustible. 



42 



STATE OP GEORGIA, 



Spirits of turpentine, rosin, pitch and tar — all the products of this 
tree — are made in considerable quantities, and the interest is on the 
increase. In the swamps and river bottoms there are cypress, cotton- 
wood, poplar, ash, maple, beach, birch, red-bay, magnolia, sweet- 
gum and water oak ; while the growth of the clay belts is red and 
post oaks, black jack, hickory, walnut, black-gum, dogwood and 
buck-eye. 

Cotton is the leading market crop of this division, and previous to 
the derangement of plantation labor by emancipation, its crop of the 
staple probably equalled the production of all the rest of the State. 
Corn and oats grow to great perfection. Sugar cane is a successful 
crop throughout the section ; tobacco in considerable quantities, is 
grown in the Southern counties. 

The average yield, on inferior land, per acre, with good cultivation, 
are: cotton, 500 lbs. in seed; corn, 10 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; 
syrup, 200 gallons; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; ground peas, 50 
bushels. On best lands, without manure, 1,500 to 2,000 lbs. cotton 
in seed, 50 to 75 bushels corn, 50 to 65 bushels oats, 400 gallons of 
syrup, and 400 bushels sweet potatoes, are often produced. It is 
reliably reported that a Berrien county farmer produced 800 bushels 
of sweet potatoes under high cultivation. Over 900 gallons of syrup, 
per acre, has been made in Thomas county. 

This section embraces all that country lying between the Ocmulgee 
and Allapaha rivers in the East, and the Chattahoochee river in the 
West; the Northern boundary being aline from Macon to Columbus, 
and the State of Florida its boundary in the South. It comprises the 
following counties: 



Baker, 


Decatur, 


Macon, 


Stewart, 


Berrien, 


Dooly, 


Marion, 


Sumter, 


Brooks, 


Dougherty, 


Miller, 


Taylor, 


Calhoun, 


Early, 


Mitchell, 


Terrell, 


Chattahoochee, 


Houston, 


Muscogee, 


Thomas, 


Clay, 


Irwin, 


Quitman, 


"Webster, 


Colquitt, 


Lee, 


Randolph, 


Wilcox, 


Crawford, 


Lowndes, 


Schley, 


Worth. 



Note. — A proportion of the lands have suffered temporary exhaustion by in- 
judicious culture which claimed eveiything from the soil and returned nothing. 
This ruinous practice is fast giving way to a more enlightened and economical 
system. It has been ascertained that no soils on the continent are more sus- 
ceptible of recuperation and respond so bountifully to generous treatment. 
The abandoned fields, grown up in stunted pines, and for twenty or forty years 
considered useful only as pasturage, have been restored to cultivation, and are 
now among the most productive lands of the State. 

Next to the manufacture of lumber, rice planting is the principal 
business of the coast counties of Georgia, giving employment to thou- 
sands of laborers who receive their wages weekly, and furnishing the 
merchants with a good local trade all the year. On the richest and 
most improved soils, fifty bushels of rice per acre is not an uncommon 
yield. 



WH 4.T IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 43 

Cut a little green, it serves the place of hay and grain, for 
horses, mules, or cattle, and requires neither threshing nor hulling. 
Properly grown, it will produce on our ordinary pine lands, twenty to 
fifty bushels to the acre, which is worth in the hull at least $i per 
bushel. 

UPLAND RICE. 

It has been a popular idea that rice could be grown only on lands, 
where it could be flooded at will. This, however, is a mistake, and 
it is a fact that any of our ordinary lands — pine lands or hammocks, 
wet land or dry land, — will, if properly planted and cultivated, grow 
a paying crop of upland rice. We have seen fair results on new pine 
land, but we have seen better crops on older lands. 

The prices of all farm products are greater in Georgia than in the 
Western States. 

For prices of land, water-powers, etc., etc., in any part of Georgia, 
in large or small tracts, address, 

COMMISSIONER LAND & IMMIGRATION, 

Atlanta, Georgia. 



FARMING IN GEORGIA COMPARED TO FARMING 
IN OTHER STATES. 

The writer prefers to use the testimony of Northern and foreign- 
born witnesses to prove that Georgia offers greater advantages than 
the West or North to the immigrant, rather than to indulge in any 
rounded periods. From the Superintendent at Castle Garden I 
received several publications in English and German. From one of 
these, printed in German, the following extract is taken : 

"Mountain Lake, Minnesota, 5 December, 1879. 
"To my Mennonite Brethren in Russia: 

" I have been living for four years in the State of Minnesota, United 
States of North America. The country is chiefly prairie, and one 
finds very little timber land. All wood required for building houses 
or fences is brought to my place of residence by railway, a distance of 
135 to 200 miles. Hay is used as fuel. The winter is long and severe. 
Cattle must be fed for at least six months of the year. The field 
work is done chiefly by machinery, and the outlay of large sums ot 
money is required in order to provide the necessary working materials, 
and work animals, which range at about following prices : breaking 
plough, $25 to $30; ordinary ploughs, $15 to $25 ; drill machines, 
$60 to $75 ; self-binding grain reaping machines, $285 ; mowing 
machine, $90; hay rake, $30; separators and threshing machines, 
$500 to $700; cleaning mill, $20 to $30; wagons, $65; oxen, $90 
to $125 ; horses, $150 to $200 a pair. A great part of the summer 
is employed in providing winter food for the animals, and half of the 
winter is lost for field work by reason of unfavorable weather. 

"ABRAHAM PENNER." 



44 



STATE OF GEORGIA, 



In Georgia, $12 will purchase the farm implements generally needed 
by one laborer to cultivate the usual crops for one year. 



COTTON PRESS IN THE COUNTRY. 

The farmer may haul his cotton to the neighboring "cotton gin," 
and by paying a slight "toll," have his cotton ginned and baled for 
market. A two-horse wagon will haul easily three bales of cotton, 
worth at present prices $165.00, at one load. As the cost of handling 
and hauling the grass and grain crops of the West is the greatest ex- 
pense incidental to farming there,, the above statement will be appre- 
ciated by the Western farmer. The expense of transporting his 
"money crop," to market is of prime importance to the farmer in 
any latitude or country, and the cotton crop is certainly the most, 
economical field crop grown when viewed in this light. 




COTTON PRESS. 

The following from the Atlantic Monthly, the leading magazine of 
Massachusetts, for January, 1880, is applicable to Minnesota, Dakota, 
and other States and Territories of the Northwest : 

"The imperative laws of the seasons have limited the time for the ef- 
fective industry of the farmer to about one-fourth part of the year,, 
during which time the small farmer must make provision for all his force 
for the full year, and from the fruit of the labor of himself and his own 
family solely, during seed-time and harvest, must provide for all their- 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &o. 45 

wants and comforts until the return of those seasons. * * * While 
the small farmer is compelled to feed, clothe, shelter, and altogether 
provide for the same number of persons for the whole year, the capi- 
talist feeds, clothes and shelters only about one-fourth of the number 
in proportion to the amount of work done, and that for less than one- 
fourth of the year. Against the unlimited use of this combination of 
capital, machinery and cheap labor, the individual farmer, either 
singly or in communities, cannot successfully contend, and must go 
under. * * * I particularly noticed the conspicuous absence of women 
and children on the large farms. In no case was the permanent 
residence of a family to be found upon them, nor anything that could 
be called a home. * * * While the capitalistic farmers are mak- 
ing colossal fortunes at seventy cents per bushel for wheat, the small 
farmers, depending mainly on their own labor, with limited capital 
and less machinery, are not making a comfortable subsistence, but 
are running behindhand, and must go under, and a further reduction 
in the market price of food products must hasten their end." 

As a contrast, the following statement, taken from the New York 
Sun, February ist, 1880, is offered: 

"A farmer wrote to the Minneapolis (Minnesota) Convention that 
it cost him $9.10 to produce an acre of wheat, $41.55 for an acre of 
sorghum (amber cane), $8.95 for an acre of corn (maize). But he 
expected to sell an acre of wheat for $15.00, an acre of sorghum for 
$75.00, an acre of corn for $10.00." 

"Mr. John J. Parker, in Thomas County, (Southern Georgia,) pro- 
duced in 1874, on one acre, 694^ gallons of cane syrup, at a cost of 
$77.50. The syrup at 75 cents per gallon, the market price, brought 
$520.87; net profit from one acre of $443.37. Southern Georgia is 
the ' home ' of the sugar cane." 

The former is probably an average crop, while the latter is excep- 
tional. The important question is, can like results be produced in 
Minnesota if the highest culture and treatment is given to products 
of the soil? The best results yet attained there are probably found in 
the speech of Hon. Seth W. Kenney, who introduced the Early 
Amber cane in Minnesota, and who recently addressed a convention 
of farmers concerned in sugar production in that State. I make the 
following interesting extract from his speech: 

"The question is often asked me, if it will pay to raise sugar cane. 
I answer, yes. The average product on our Minnesota land, with 
good, clean cultivation, is 160 gallons dense syrup per acre; that is, 
with good machinery to work it up, so that there is no unnecessary 
loss. With a good granulating house, if properly defecated, 6 lbs. 
per gallon of good syrup can be obtained, which would be 960 lbs. 
for one acre, worth at least 8c. per lb., which would amount to 
$76.80; there would then be left ninety-three gallons of syrup, which 
at the low price of 30c. per gallon, would be $27.90, added to the 
sugar product would be $104.70, as the product of one acre." 

Most of the "crops" of Georgia are cultivated with a single plow, 
the cost of which need not exceed three dollars. As an additional 
evidence of what is done by Georgia farmers with one plow and two 



46 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

laborers, we append the following statements, which are not deemed 
extraordinary. S. W, McClendon, of Talbot County, made in the 
year 1879, twelve bales of cotton and three hundred bushels of corn, 
with one plow and a little hired labor. Sterling Jenkins, of same 
county, made fourteen bales to the plow. A. J. Jenkins, of Muscogee 
County, made twelve bales of cotton, two hundred bushels of corn, 
three hundred bushels of oats, two hundred bushels of potatoes, and 
cane enough to make several barrels of syrup, with one plow. C. D. 
McClendon, of Harris County, made with two plows thirty bales of 
cotton, one hundred and fif.y bushels of corn, Five hundred bushels 
of oats, one hundred bushels of potatoes. 

According to the Sparta Ishmaelite, "Mr. Jas. H. Mitchell, of 
Hancock, made last year on a two mub farm, 28 bales of cotton, 500 
bushels of corn, 300 bushels of potatoes, 174 gallons of syrup, and 
wheat, oats, peas, and other farm products in proportion. 

(WESTERN GEORGIA.) 

The Columbus Enquire* states that Z. H. Whittlesy made this year 
with one plow, ten bales of cotton weighing 500 pounds each, 600 
bushels of corn, 200 bushels of potatoes, 300 bushels of oats, 3,000 
pounds of fodder, 200 gallons of syrup, besides a good pea crop, and 
raising his meat. Cotton was worth on this farm 12 cents per pound; 
corn, 75 cents per bushel; oats, 60 cents per bushel ; fodder, $1.25 
per cwt. ; syrup, 35 cents per gallon. 

(SOUTHERN GEORGIA.) 

{From the Hawkinsville Dispatch). 

"Mr. Henry B. Marr, of this county, made last year upon his 
plantation, with one plow (or one mule) twenty-four bales of cotton, 
besides the usual small side crops of peas and potatoes." 

A hundred such cases might easily be mentioned. Corn is priced 
in Georgia to-day at 75 cents per bushel, and is sold in some instances 
at $1.25 per bushel, "on time;" oats, at 65 cents; cotton, at 12 
cents per pound, (there are 500 pounds in a bale of cotton) ; potatoes 
at 40 to 50 cents per bushel. 

(NORTH GEORGIA.) 

(From the Marietta Journal, 1880.) 

" Five years ago, Mr. J. I. Chamberlain, of New York, came to 
Cobb County, and bought 500 acres of land from Mr. J. T. Burk- 
halter, on Powder Springs road, about five miles from Marietta. He 
came South in search of health. He first stopped at Knoxville, Tenn., 
and then tried Bartow County, but is now satisfied that the climate here 
suits him better, the wateris purer, and the atmosphere more invigora- 
ting. He was embarrassed some when he took hold of the Burkhalter 
farm, but he went to work determined to succeed. The first year the 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 47 

land yielded poorly, and he only made sixteen bales of cotton. He 
began to plow deep, save manure and apply it to the land, and kept 
up a constant improvement. This last year he had no acres in 
cultivation and upon it made seventy-seven bales of cotton, averaging 
492 pounds each. This was an astonishingly large yield, and the re- 
sult was he cleared $3,000, He placed 16 tons of wheat bran on the 
land, at a cost of $14 per ton, and used 2j4 tons of guano. He is 
out cfdebt, has spent $2,000 in improving his farm, has fine stock, 
good pastures, believes in the stock law, and in coming South has 
found both health and wealth. He has demonstrated the fact that 
there is as much in the man as in the land. This year he will use 
ten tons of guano, and we shall watch to ste if he doesn't make over 
100 bales and a profit of $4,000." 



PRICE! OP COUNTRY AND FARM PRODUCE IN GEORGIA 
AND IN THE NORTHWEST. 

(From the Savannah, Ga., Morning News, March 12, 1880). 

Country Produce. 

Grown Fowls, $ pair JO 50 @$0 00 

Half-grown, $ pair 30 @ 35 

Three-quarters grown , p pair . 40 @ 45 

Ducks, Muscovy, ^} pair... 85 @ 1 00 

Ducks, English, p pair ... 55 @ 65 

Turkeys, f) pair 150 @ 2 50 

Chickens, dressed, $ lb .. 11 @ \%\ 

Turkeys, dressed, p lb \%\ @ 15 

Eggs, country, ^ doz... 15 @ — 

Eggs, Western, "§ doz 15 @ — 

Butter, country, $ lb ..... . 15 @ 25 

Peanuts, Georgia, <p bushel 1 15 @ 1 25 

Peanuts, Tennessee, $ bushel 1 10 @ 1 20 

Florida Sugar, $Mb 5 @ 6£ 

Florida Syrup, ^ gallon... 40 @ 45 

Honey, f) gallon 45 @ 65 

Irish Potatoes, f) barrel 2 25 @ 2 50 

Sweet Potatoes, "$ bushel 40 @ 50 

Rice. — We quote rough rice: 

Prime Lots (tide water) _. 140 @ 1 60 

Country Lots 1 25 @ 1 35 

Hides, Etc. — Hides — Receipts small and prices declined. We quote: 
Dry flint, 16c. ; salted, 12@14c. Tallow, 6c. ; wax, 22c. ; deer skins, 
40c. ; otter skins, 25c.@$2.00. 

Hay. — Northern, $1.05@$1.10 wholesale ; Eastern and Pennsylvania, 
$1.15@$1.30. 



48 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

WESTERN MARKETS. 

{From (he St. Paul {Minnesota) Pioneer Press, March 12, 1880.) 
Country Produce. 

Butter. — Choice grades are selling at 20@22c. ; ordinary roll at 
16@18c, and common at 12@14c Grease, 8@10c 

Eggs — Firm at lie. per dozen. 

Potatoes — In demand at 25@30c for early rose. 

Onions — $4.50@$6.00 per barrel, for good to choice. 

Apples — $>4@$5 per barrel. 

Honey — Sells slowly at 14@15c. for choice. 

Beans — In good supply and dull at $1@$1.40 for poor to common; 
hand picked medium, $1.60@$1.70; hand picked navy, $1.80. 

Molasses and Syrup. — Common molasses, sells at 30c. ; New Or* 
leans, do., fair, 50c; New Orleans, do., choice, 60c. ; syrup, fair, 40c; 
syrup, good, 50c ; 3c additional on half barrels ; 5c additional on five 
and ten gallon kegs. 

Cheese. — Good cream, 14@15c ; half skim, ll@12c. 



Live Stock. 

Cattle. -There was an active demand for good stock. Two car 
loads of Minnesota steers were received from St. Peter. One load was 
isold at $4.25 per cwt. 

Hay — Quiet and unchanged; 70@75c "§ cwt. 

Hides and Furs — Market quiet and steady; green butchers' hides, 
7@7^c ; green salted, 8@8£c ; calf, 10@12c. ; dry salt, 10@12c ; flint, 
12@14c ; furs steady, unchanged; casses would bring 7-£c 

Dressed Poultry — Turkeys are in active demand at ll@ll-Jc; 
chickens in fair request at 10@10ic Ducks and geese are quotable at 
■6@8c 

Corn — Very quiet ; only moderate inquiry ; held at 34@35c for car 
lots on track. 

Oats— Steady and firmly held at 31@32c for No. 2, and 32@34c for 
•choice white on track. 

Rye — Steady sales; car lots on track at 50@55c; lots by teams, 
45@50c 

The following table shows the price cf farm products at Chicago, 
St. Paul and Savannah, March 12, 1880: 

Chicago. St. Paul. Savannah. 

Corn 37ic 34c 77c 

Oats 47@48c 57@60c 

Hay, $ cwt 70@75c $1.05@$1.10 



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STATE OF GEORGIA. 



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WHAT IT OFFEES TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 



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WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 57 



A TYPICAL GEORGIA VILLAGE. 

(SOUTHERN GEORGIA.) 
A forest in 1870; a village of about 800 inhabitants in 1880. 

The climate of Southern Georgia has been fitly described by the 
following extract from : 

" ' Winter Homes for Invalids,' by Doctor Joseph W. Howe, pro- 
fessor of Clinic Surgery in the University of New York, in reference 
to the ' pine forests ' of Southern Georgia. 

"Pine grove localities have the reputation of being very healthy. 
There is usually complete freedom from malaria and pulmonary dis- 
eases. The atmosphere, impregnated as it is with the peculiar vola- 
tile principle of trees, has a soothing effect on inflamed throats and 
irritable lungs. The air agrees with everybody. Invalids with trouble- 
some cough and shortness of breath rapidly improve after a short 
residence, and some far advanced in tubercular diseases recover their 
health completely. The dryness and mildness of the atmosphere has, 
of course, something to do with the beneficial effects experienced, but 
there is no doubt whatever that much of the benefit arises from the 
air being impregnated with the piney odor from the Ocean and Gulf." 

Eastman, Dodge County, Georgia, followed the building of the 
Macon and Brunswick Railroad, through this attractive region, which 
has opened a market for the pine timber. Eastman is the county 
town, and for ten miles East and West, up and down the railroad, and 
for fifteen miles North to the Oconee River, and fifteen miles South to 
the Ocmulgee River, lies a region of beautifully undulating or rolling 
prairie land, well watered with springs and small clear streams, em- 
bracing several hundred thousand acres, all of which is commercially 
tributary to this rising town. 

In a sanitary point of view, Eastman equals Aiken, S. C, or the 
Sand Hills near Augusta, Georgia, and is probably unsurpassed for 
healthfulness by any town in the United States. If we may judge 
of the immunity of any given locality from certain diseases, by the 
absence of those diseases, the region in which Eastman, Georgia, is lo- 
cated, is far superior as a sanitarium for persons suffering from catarrh, 
bronchial, nasal and aural, and tubercular diseases, to the elevated land 
of Colorado, Minnesota, Nebraska, and New Mexico. While these 
diseases are almost unknown to the natives of the pine uplands of 
Southern Georgia, the reports of eminent physicians show that they 
are very prevalent in the regions above alluded to. 



58 



STATE OP GEORGIA, 




IHni 



^num 



^^^s^S 






RESIDENCE OF WM. PITT EASTMAN, ESQ. 

The equability of temperature, and the inhalation of the pine odor 
at Eastman, Thomasville, and other winter resorts in Southern Geor- 
gia, and the absence of the sudden and great vicissitudes in temper- 
ature peculiar to great altitudes, makes the pine uplands of that 
region the most desirable in the Union for persons threatened with 
phthisis pulmonalis. 

The air of these pine uplands is strongly recommended by Dr. 
Willard Parker of New York, and other physicians of the highest 
standing. 

Eastman is situated about 500 feet above the level of the sea, on 
ground marked by inequalities of surface sufficient to provide ample 
drainage without being either hilly or level. The water is pure and 
good. The grounds about the hotel and court house form a fitting 
center to the town. Avenues to the number of eight are laid out at 
right angles from the railroad, while parallel with the railroad are 
other streets, named from the native forest trees. 

The Court House was presented by Hon. Wm. E. Dodge of New 
York, for whom the county is named. 

What has been accomplished at Eastman can be accomplished at 
many other points in Georgia. Population brings with it more or less 
capital, and capital cannot seek a more promising or safer investment 
than the selection and settlement of eligible sites in Georgia. Many 
desirable offers are made to this end. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c, 59 



A MOUNTAIN SCENE. 



60 i-TATE OF GEORGIA, 

TYPICAL VALLEYS, (NORTHWEST GEORGIA.) 

GRASS CULTURE. 
Cedar Valley, Vann's Valley, and Texas Valley, in Northwestern 
Georgia, recall the most delightful rural landscapes in Pennsylvania,, 
while the valley of the Etowah resembles the famed Mohawk Valley 
in New York. The mountain ranges of Northwestern Georgia gradu- 
ally recede into foot-hills from the summit of any one of which may be 
seen, any summer day, fields of waving grain, and meadows of clover 
and grasses that rival any in the North. Throughout this productive 
region, numerous clear, rapid streams course from mountain to river. 
No part of America is better watered or more admirably suited for 
mixed husbandry and stock raising. Mosquitoes and troublesome 
insects are almost unknown, and the nights are delightfully cool. 
For eight months in the year the days are as perfect as can be 
found anywhere. The three valleys described are selected because 
they are typical of Northwestern Georgia, each being distant but 
a few miles from the other. They are also alluded to in Derry's 
" Georgia." 

VANN'S VALLEY. 

Vann's Valley begins at Rome — the leading town of this part of 
Georgia — and, after extending eighteen miles, abruptly terminates in a. 
group of hills. Like most of the hills in this region, these are mainly 
left as nature made them, and the colors of the sky, transparent atmos- 
phere, and the richly tinted verdure of these hard woods, combined 
with the ripening grain in the valley, form a beautiful landscape. 
This valley is from one to three miles in width, and is well improved, 
having many substantial farmers whose large barns demonstrate the 
productiveness of the dark red limestone soil. The lovely village of 
Cave Spring is in this valley, and the cave and spring from which it 
takes its name are also typical of this region. The spring gushes 
from the cave at the base of one of the hills that surround the village, 
in a stream so bold that in England it would be called a river. Few 
villages possess more picturesque surroundings, and it is here that the 
State has erected large and comfortable buildings as an Asylum for the 
deaf and dumb. Deprived of the two most priceless senses, that of 
sight is trebly valued and valuable, and here nature has lavishly be- 
stowed its wealth, in brilliant flora, balmy sun-lit air, clear streams 
that flow over pebbly bottom, and a varied landscape of hill and dale, 
field and forest, sky and water that will leave indelible impressions 
upon each one who finds a pleasant refuge and congenial employment 
here. The grass lands in these valleys equal the famous blue-grass, 
lands of Kentucky and Missouri. 



WHAT IT OFFEES TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 61 

CEDAR VALLEY. 

Two miles distant, separated by hills whose timbered sides are full 
of iron ore, or marble, is Cedar Valley, long famous for its productive 
soil. Being much larger than Vann's Valley, the farms are larger, 
and extensive cotton fields, interspersed with meadows and grain 
fields, greet the eye. On the banks of Cedar Creek several extensive 
iron furnaces, for the manufacture of pig metal have been erected, 
while charcoal iron, owing to the proximity of lime-stone and abun- 
dant forest, is manufactured very profitably. The coal fields are not 
distant, and the supply of the necessary raw materials is thus practically 
unlimited. The Cherokee Railroad extends from Cartersville to 
Cedartown, a distance of forty miles. 

TEXAS VALLEY. 

Twelve miles from Rome, resembles the two named, with the differ- 
ence that the soil is a gray loam, with much more sand than that in 
Vann's or Cedar Valley. These valleys are peopled with good 
society, who appreciate and have churches and public schools and are 
very hospitable. The valleys of Armuchee and Chattooga are equally 
attractive, while in Bartow, Gordon, Catoosa, and other counties of 
this part of Georgia, there are valleys that equal or excel those men- 
tioned. 

The valleys of Northern Georgia and the temperature and rain-falls 
are eminently adapted to grass culture. While three tons of clover or 
Timothy hay per acre, is an average annual crop in Upper Georgia, 
the following exceptional crops are reported and can be verified : 

Mr. J. R. Winters, of Cobb county, (Upper Georgia) produced, in 
1873, from 1. 15 acres, 6,575 pounds of dry clover hay at the first cut- 
ting of the second year's crop. 

Mr. T. H. Moore, of same county, produced on one acre 105 
bushels of corn, while Mr. Jeremiah Daniel produced 125 bushels. 

Mr. R. Peters, Jr., of Gordon county, (Upper Georgia) harvested, 
in 1874, from three acres of lucerne, four years old, fourteen tons and 
200 pounds of hay, or 9,400 pounds per acre. 

Mr. L. B. Willis, in Greene county, (Middle Georgia,) in June, 
1873, from one acre and a third, harvested twenty bushels of wheat, 
and the following October, 27,130 pounds of corn forage. From the 
forage alone he received a profit of $159.22 per acre. 

Dr. W. Moody, of the same county, harvested, at one cutting, from 
one acre of river bottom, in 1874, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda grass 
hay; cost, $12.87, value of hay, $209.29, net profit, $196.42. 

Nine-tenths of the farmers in Georgia have been engaged in killing 
grass in order to raise cotton, but the hay crop is the most valuable 
one, time, money and labor considered, that can be raised in Geor- 
gia. That it pays there much better than in the North or West, 
the following market quotations will demonstrate: 

St. Paul and Minneapolis Pioneer Press, Thursday, March 11, 1880. 

Hay— Was dull at $7 per ton for baled wild on track, and $12 for 
tame. 



62 STATE OF GEOEGIA, 

{Courier Journal, {Louisville Ky.,) Wednesday Morning, 
March 17.) 

Hat — Steady at last prices. We quote prime to choice timothy at 
mixed at """" 



{The Morning News {Savannah, G a.,) Friday, March 12, 1880.) 

Hat — Demand good. We quote: Northern, $1.05@$1.10, wholesale; 
Eastern and Pennsylvania, $1.15@1.30. 

This difference of $9 per ton in favor of Georgia will be readily 
appreciated by the practical farmer. 

The dairy farmer who settles in Georgia will find a wide field for 
profit, there being but little competition. The manufacture of cheese 
is an unknown industry in Georgia. 

A Scotch gentleman, representing a wealthy company in Scotland, 
who proposes to purchase land and colonize it with Scotch working 
people, writes as follows : 

" You recommend purchasing a tract of valley land amongst higher 
land of North Georgia, and state that good 'range 'can be obtained 
without charge. I prefer Northern to Southern Georgia, but it must 
require some housing as well as feeding in sheds in Northern Georgia 
none ot which I take it, is required in Southern Georgia. Does not 
the rainfall interfere with the hay harvest ? If only five weeks feeding 
of hay is required, and hay can be bought at $1.25 per ton on Ranch e, 
I prefer Northern Georgia, even though it is a few miles distant from 
railways." 

This letter is copied in order to illustrate the fact that hay is the 
most valuable agricultural product, perhaps, in Georgia. The writer 
has frequently sold large quantities of hay on his farm, not at $1.25 
per ton, but at $1.25 per 100 lbs. or $25 per ton. 

The clean culture necessary in cotton culture is an admirable pre- 
paration for grass growing, having the same effect as the "fallow," 
which is so potent a factor in English farming. We believe the price, 
($1.25 per ton,) alluded to above, is the price on the Western prairies, 
and we are at a loss when we attempt to reconcile this fact with the 
alleged "high wages " paid the laborer in the prairie States. We do 
not believe that a laborer in Georgia can be hired to cut, save and 
deliver a ton of hay at $1.25 per ton. 

The following from the Neva York Bulletin, will show that during 
harvest time rainfall is not peculiar to Georgia : 

{From our Crop Cot respondent.) 

" Chicago, July 9, 1880. 

" Wet weather continues in Illinois; so much so that all through 
the corn belt, cultivation of this crop has been suspended for two 
weeks. The weather has been so bad that it has been almost impose 
sible to secure the hay crop in good condition, and farmers are very 
much discouraged at the condition of things. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 



65 



SHEEP HUSBANDRY IN GEORGIA. 




The pres- 
e n t high 
price of wool 
indicates 
scarcity, and 
a recent is- 
sue of t h e 
Economist 
suggests re- 
flection. It is 
there stated 
that we con- 
sume 360, 
000,000 lbs. 
of wool per 
annum while 
we grow only 
225,000, 000 
lbs. The 
price of wool 
CROSSING THE FORD. in Georgia is 

forty cents a pound. The prime requisites for 
f pry v^ ^ sheep husbandry, as a specialty, are fresh water, 
shade, and an abundance of pasture-land, that the needed change be 
given. In no part of the United States can extensive sheep-walks, 
possessing these requisites in equal extent, be purchased so cheaply 
as in Georgia, and in no State are the climatic and transportation 
advantages excelled. The habits of sheep in feeding early in the 
morning and late in the afternoon, and resting during the heated 
hours in Summer, demonstrate the necessity for shade. There are 
in Georgia about 10,000,000 acres of unemployed land, having ample 
shade. These lands are admirably adapted to sheep husbandry, a 
large part of them being worth more for timber purposes than the 
land will cost. Forty thousand acres may be bougnt for two dollars 
per acre, all of which is situated at an average distance of not more 
than ten miles from any navigable stream or railroad, and is only 
about forty hours distant from New York. Millions of acres of virgin 



64 STATE OF GEOEGIA, 

soil, covered with grass the year round, with yellow pine forests and 
no undergrowth, presenting a park-like appearance to the eye, await 
the advent of the shepherd and farmer. Streams abound there ; no 
shelter is needed in winter, and sheep, as a rule, cost nothing, except 
the salt they eat, the care they receive, and the cost of shearing. 
Georgia unwashed wool is said to be as clean as Pennsylvania brook- 
washed. This is owing to the fact that it is free from hay seed — the 
wire grass being perennial — and that the heavy spring rains wash out 
the yolk and dirt just before shearing time. Southern Georgia offers 
perhaps the best field for investment to wool growers on the continent. 
The climate of Georgia corresponds with that of the best wool growing 
countries. The wire-grass and perpetual plant-growth in Southern 
Georgia, the Bermuda grass sod in Middle Georgia, and the sod of 
the English grasses, the clovers and blue grass in North Georgia, 
added to the Southern field pea, are alike well adapted to sheep hus- 
bandry. Land that is not considered profitable for cultivation will 
support five sheep to the acre. Very few farmers do more for their 
sheep than to mark, shear and salt them. 



PROFITS OF SHEEP HUSBANDRY. . 

The average annual cost per head of keeping sheep in Georgia, is 
only 54 cents. The average cost of raising a pound of wool is only 6 
cents, while the average price for which the unwashed wool is sold, is 
33 y$ cents, or 27% cents net. The average yield of unwashed wool 
to the sheep is 3-44 pounds, which at 27% cents net, gives an average 
clear income in wool from such sheep of 94 cents. The average price 
for lambs sold to the butcher in Georgia is $1.87. The average price 
of stock sheep is $2.68 per head. The average price of mutton is 
$2.75 per head. The average annual profit invested in sheep in 
Georgia is 63 per cent. The following reports have been sworn to in 
the presence of disinterested parties. Mr. David Ayres, of Camilla, 
Mitchell County, Southern Georgia — where snow never falls and the 
ground seldom freezes, and where the original pine forest is carpeted 
with grass that is indigenious to the soil, from January to December — 
says his sheep 3,500 in number, cost him annually 14 cents per 
head. The average clip is three pounds of unwashed wool, which 
sells at 30 cents per pound, giving a clear profit of 90 per cent, on the 
money invested in sheep. Mr. Ayres does not feed his sheep at any 
time, and relies entirely on native sheep. 

Mr. John McDowell, of Washington County, Pennsylvania, keeps 
670 highly improved sheep, the keeping of which costs annually $1.54 
a head. He aims to make his wool clip clear which averages four pounds 
of brook washed wool to the sheep. His wool crop sold in 1875 for 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 65 

56 cents per pound, or $2.24 for each sheep sheared, but the crop 
cost, on account of the severe winter, 15c. a pound, which makes his 
net income per sheep $1.64. His sheep are worth $3.50 per head, 
and his net profits are 46 per cent, on the money invested. The land 
on which Mr. McDowell pastures his sheep is worth about $50 per acre, 
while I am authorized to sell land like that owned by Mr. Ayres for 
$1.50 per acre, and the 20,000 acres thus offered are situated in the 
same part of the State as that which sustains Mr. Ayres' sheep. 

In Middle Georgia Mr. Robert C. Humber, of Putnam County, re- 
ports that he keeps 138 sheep of the cross between the Merino and the 
common stock. They yield an average of three pounds of wool per head, 
which he sold in 1875 at 25 cents per pound. They cost him nothing 
except the shearing, and he claims they pay him 100 per cent, on the 
investment, in mutton, lambs and wool. His sheep range on Bermuda 
grass fields in Summer, and the " old fields " in Winter. The " cane 
bottoms" and the cane which fringes with luxuriant leafage the streams 
in Georgia, offer stock of all descriptions most healthy and nourishing 
green food, even in the depth of Winter. No shelter is required, and 
no diseases of consequence are reported among the flocks of Georgia. 

The arid wastes of Colorado, New Mexico and other parts of the 
" Great West," cannot be compared with the sunny skies and health- 
ful climate and cheap lands, permeated by railroads and navigable 
streams, of Georgia. No treeless wastes or waterless tracts embarass 
the husbandman there, and Northern farmers are wanted by thousands 
to aid in developing the wonderful resources that are now dormant 
for the want of sturdy hands and intelligent labor that will create the 
capital needed. They will find a law-abiding people and a country 
so healthy that the death rate is less than in Maine, Connecticut or 
Missouri, and the same as in Michigan, which is conceded to be one 
of the healthiest States in the Union. Indented with some of the 
finest harbors on the Atlantic Coast, its transportation facilities are 
unequaled in the South. The whole State lies in the Temperate 
Zone. The price of land is from $1 to $50 per acre. The cheapest 
and best timber in the United States is there ; no laborer was ever 
charged for fuel. The meadow in Southern Georgia is made by na- 
ture; the laborer can work in the field every day in the year.* 

GEORGIA AND MINNESOTA COMPARED. 

As an evidence that the true solution of the labor problem caused by 
the immense immigration to the Northwest is to go South, the follow- 
ing letter, recently received is here copied : 

* I am indebted to the Report of the Department of Agriculture of Georgia, 
for the year 1875, for many of the facts stated above. 



66 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

'■'Pleasant Prairie, Martin Co., Minn., ) 
May 13, 1880. $ 

"Dear Sir: — I and several others of this place are in the sheep 
and cattle business in a small way. Some of us got homesteads and 
some bought slightly improved land for from $200 to 600 per quarter 
section (160 acres). There is an abundance of grass here for hay and 
pasture, thousands of acres of State, railroad and speculators' land 
that we can pasture and mow free. It is ten miles to a railroad depot,, 
and good schools and citizens, but no wood or timber — (italics are 
mine). / have fed my sheep and cattle the past Winter just six 
months. It takes three to four months to put up hay and feed, for the 
Winter here. The wolves and dogs take on an average about ten 
sheep a year from me. I keep about 500 sheep, medium quality, and 
from 30 to 50 head of cattle, and my neighbors farm in a similar 
manner. Now, what we would like is, to go to a place that is better 
than this in some respects. We do not want to cut and stack hay 
half of the Summer and fodder it Out all Winter, which is nine months' 
work, cutting, stacking and feeding. 

"George F. P." 

I am prepared to sell immigrants as good land as that owned by 
Mr. David Ayres of Camilia, Georgia, (who owns the 3,500 sheep re- 
ferred to above), at from $1.50 to $3.00 per acre. I offer farms of40- 
acres, with building for $225. I offer 1,000 acres to any one who will 
make sheep husbandry a business and settle on the land for $1,000 
cash. The owner has 3,000 acres and 1,000 sheep, which arenot forsale. 

The following letter from the most successful and enterprising wool- 
grower and stock-raiser in Georgia is here appended : 

Atlanta, Ga., May 24th, 1880. 
Francis Fontaine, Esq., 

Commissioner Land and Immigration, 
My Dear Sir: 

I duly received yours of 19th inst., and herein very willingly answer 
your questions. 

At the South, merino sheep are seldom sheltered, and are fed but 
little hay during the Winter ; the gross weight of their fleeces, after 
the hard washing spring rains, and freedom from hay seed do not 
average with the fleeces of the Western merinos, stabled and high fed. 
as they are, and the rams often covered and blanketed, but the net 
weights of the scoured fleeces of each section would show but littler 
variation. 

As to the price of mountain land, no one can to this question make 
a satisfactory reply. It is customary to use the pasturage of the 
mountain ranges in common, and it would not pay to fence in large 
tracts of such land, as the pasturage is only of value about five months 
in the year, say 1st of May to 1st of October. 
Respectfully yours, 

RICHARD PETERS. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 67 

The above reference to pasturage and mountain land, refers only 
to Northern and Middle Georgia. The pasturage in Southern 
Georgia is perennial and good during the whole year. 

The following letter is from one of the most respected and widely- 
known wool dealers in New York. Mr. Lynch is also one of the 
Commissioners of Emigration for New York, being President of the 
Irish Society : 

New York, May 24th, 1880. 
Francis Fontaine, Esq., 

160 East 10th St., N. Y. 
Dear Sir : 

In reply to your favor of 19th, I beg to say that wool grown in 
Georgia is quite as valuable as the scoured wool of like quality grown 
in Indiana. In both States the quality is nearly the same ; say }{ to 
l / z blood merino or "low medium;" strictly fine merino's — '"full 
blood " — have not done well in Georgia. The sheep best adapted to 
the State are those of the quality and kind they have had there since 
the days of Oglethorpe. 

The circular to which you refer was issued when Castle Garden was 
crowded with applicants for places and employers few ; now the case 
is reversed; there are more orders for labor than can be filled. 

Yours truly, 

JAMES LYNCH. 

The Americus Republican, of the 19th of May, 1880, gave an ac- 
count of the sales of wool from a small flock of 13 sheep. The sheep 
had yielded $13 worth of wool and 13 sheep. The Thomasville 
Enterprise of July 15th, also states, that Mr. J. C. Lewis, of Thomas 
County, sold this year from 13 sheep 53 pounds of wool at 28 cents, 
making $14.85, and he reports 17 lambs. He also sold 9 wethers at 
$2 per head. From these sales it will be seen that the price of wool 
has declined, but that the profit at 28 cents a pound is quite satisfac- 
tory. 



18 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

NOTES ON SHEEP HUSBANDRY. 

The wool trade of Albany, Georgia, is assuming great value. 
About 500,000 pounds of wool are sold at this town per annum. 
Last year this trade in wool amounted to over one million 
of dollars in Southwest Georgia. There is nothing that would pay 
better than sheep raising, yet, strange to say, there are not more 
than from 800,000 to 900,000 sheep in the whole State, when we 
should have for wool and food 8,000, oco or more. 

Mr. State Montgomery sold in Geneva, Talbot County, last year, 
$445 of wool from seventy sheep. 

A writer in the Atlanta, (Ga.,) Constitution states that: 
In 1 87 1 he "bought 400 acres of reputed poor land in Glynn 
County, Georgia, and put upon it 100 sheep. In 1873, by natural 
increase, he had 376 ewes, and had sent to market 72 wethers. His 
sheep were penned nightly, and every two nights manured a half acre 
well. Since that time he had brought into a high state of cultivation 
100 acres of land that seven years ago were considered worthless. 
Since 1871 he has bought 200 sheep, and now owns 1,800 head. He 
keeps a shepherd who is paid to attend to his business, and keeps an 
accurate book account of every dollar and dime spent on account of 
the sheep, and finds, by casting up a balance sheet, that it costs him 
exactly 57 cents ajhead per annum to keep his flock. They average 
him about three and a half pounds of wool each. Last year he clipped 
in May, and again in September, and the clip amounted to five and a 
half pounds per head. Last year he sold in Savannah and Macon 
8,000 pounds of wool, at an average of 30 cents per pound, including 
a few pounds of merino wool, which makes the gross receipts $2,970. 
The annual expense of the flock $1,026. So there was^an absolute 
profit in the wool of $1,664. Last year he sold in the above cities 92 
wethers as mutton for $342, making a total of $2,289. Besides this, 
he has fertilized 84 acres of poor wire-grass land, so that last year he 
made from 10 acres in sugar cane 56 barrels of syrup, and 1 5 acres 
sown in oats yielded an average of 42 bushels to the acre. 

The Middle Georgia Times says : 

"We congratulate Georgia wool growers on their good fortunes in 
the advance price of that important commodity. It is said buyers are 
anxious to buy at forty cents per pound." 

The average shrinkage of unwashed merino fleeces is from 48 to 
52 per cent — about 50— and of unwashed (rams' fleeces), about 67 
to 70 per cent. This would give as the shrinkage in ordinary wash- 
ing from 17 to 20 per cent. The well known firms of Messrs David 
Scull, Jr. & Bro., and Coates Bros, of Philadelphia, and Mr. W. 
M. Brown, of Beverly Woolen Mills, endorse this statement. 

The Waco (Texas), Examiner of May 25th, 1880, states, that at a 
meeting of the wool growers of Southwestern Texas, the following 
facts were elicited : 

"Medium wools were quoted in the North at from 35 to 40 cents, 
coarse, 31 to 35, and Mexican 21 to 25. For wool worth 2,7 cents in 
the East, not more than 27 or 27^ could be obtained here. In Geor- 
gia, at the same date, wool brought from 35 to 40 cents a pound." 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &C. 69 



THE ANGORA GOAT IN GEORGIA. 

This industry is peculiarly suited to all the Appalachian range from 
Virginia to Georgia, but no American State has demonstrated its truth 
as satisfactorily as has Georgia. The wrong location of flocks is fatal 
to success. If our farmers in Northern Georgia knew that this fibre 
for the last fifteen years has sold at double the price of the best comb- 
ing wool, they would interest themselves more generally in providing 
an American growth of mohair. 



ANGORA GOAT WOOL. 

Statements have been going the rounds of the papers that there 
was no market for Angora wool. The following is the testimony of 
Mr. R. Peters, who has a flock of 160 Angoras, which we give for the 
benefit of those who breed or intend breeding this valuable animal: 

Q. What is the clip of the Angora goat ? 

A. From three to four pounds — the former for ewes and the latter 
for bucks. 

Q. Do you find any difficulty in finding a market for it. 

A. None in the world. Messrs. Turner & Son, at Acron, Ohio, 
will take all that is produced at from seventy to eighty cents per 
pound for thoroughbred, fifty-five cents for full bloods, and forty 
cents for grades. 

Q. What do you mean by full bloods ? 

A. The fifth cross, or those having 31-32 pure blood are classed as 
full bloods. 

Q. What is the cost of keeping them ? 

A. Almost nothing. They cost very little more to keep than the 
common goat, less than sheep, while they sell much higher and yield 
about the same annual income in wool as good sheep which clip an 
average of six pounds of wool. 

Q. Have they been subject to disease of any kind? 

A. None at all. They have been healthy and prolific. A late 
lamb is worthless, while if from any cause a kid is dropped late it 
makes as good an animal as those dropped early. 

Q. You are, then, still pleased with them as profitable stock ? 

A. So well, so that I have made arrangements to make new impor- 
tations with which to still further -improve those I already have, and 
which I am constantly improving by selection. 

The following from the Boston Advertiser will show that Mr. Peters 
has carried out his intention : 



70 



STATE OF GEORGIA, 



"There are now in this city some fine specimens of a breed of 
Angoras never before, save in one case, exported from Turkey. The 
animals now under consideration arrived here a day or two since, in the 
steamer Dorian, from Constantinople, and were imported by C. W. 
Jenks. They are to form a part of the famous flock of Mr. Peters, in 
Georgia. They were brought some hundreds of miles on mule back 
to the coast from the province Geredeh, in the interior of Asia Minor. 
The Angoras heretofore received in this county, have been from pro- 
vinces near the coast, and are smaller, with fleeces of four, five and 
six pounds. The Geredeh breed is larger, with fleeces eight, ten, 
twelve, and in some cases, fifteen pounds in weight, of very fine and 
silky mohair, a lock of which lies before us, with photographs of ani- 
mals of this breed. Mr. Jenks has informed us that he has traversed 
hundreds of miles in the Blue Ridge mountains of North Carolina and 
Georgia, the altitude, climate and vegetation of which are a trans- 
cript of those of the region whence these goats were brought." 

The New York " Sotith" in alluding to this importation, says : 
" Fifteen years ago the mohair clip of the Cape of Good Hope had 
a valus of $1,650. This year its value is $650,000." 

Since the first importation, thirty years ago, the object of all the 
breeders in the United States seems to have been the raising of ani- 
mals for breeding and not ia flocks for fleece. There have been one 
or two exceptions ; notably that of Mr. Richard Peters, who, on 
his fine stock ranche, among the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge, at Cal- 
houn, in Northwestern Georgia, has, from the original stock, main- 
tained a flock of greater or less number in their original purity. 



No. 120. — Quantities of Wool produced, imported, exported, and 
retained for consumption in the United States, from 1870 to 1879, 
inclusive. 



Tear 

ended 

June 

30. 



1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 



Produc- 
tion, a 



Pounds. 
I 

162.000,000 
160,000,000 
150,000,000 
158,000,000 
170,000,000 
181,000,000 
'192,000,000 
200,000,000 
207,000,000 
211,000,000 



Imports. 



Pounds. 



49,230 
68,058 
122,256 
85,496 
42,939 
54,901 
44,642 
42,171 
48,449 
39,005 



Total pro- 
duction 

and 
imports. 



Pounds . 



049243, 
541212 
760 235 
836 236 
192 ! 242 
,079 255 
,155,250 



230,199 
058,028 
,256,499 
496,049 
939,541 
,901,760 
,642,836 
,171,192 
,449,079 
,005,155 



Exports. 



Domest'c 



Pounds. 

152,882 

25,195 
140,515 

75,129 
319,600 
178,034 
104,768 

79,599 
347,854 

60,784 



Foreign. Total. 



Pounds. 

1,710,053 
1,305,311 
2,266,393 
7,040,386 
6,816,157 
3,567,627 
1,518,426 
3.088,957 
5,952,221 
4,104,616 



Retained 
for home 
consump- 
tion. 



Pounds. Pounds. 



1,862,945 
1,330,506 
2,406,908 
7.115,515 
7,135,757 
3,745,661 
1,623,194 
3,168,556 
6,300,075 
4,165,400 



209,367,254 
226,727,522 
269,849,591 
236,380,534 
205,803,784 
232,156,099 
235,019,652, 
239,002,636 
249,149,004 
245,839,755 



a In the column of ' ' Production," the amount placed opposite the fiscal 
year is the production of the preceding calender year. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 71 

FRUIT GROWING AND TRUCK GARDENING. 

Though the business is yet in its infancy, the shipment of early 
fruits and vegetables from Georgia this year will probably exceed 
100,000 boxes. The Southern counties of Georgia are much more 
favorable to strawberry and kindred industries than Norfolk, Va., 
not being subject to the cold winds that are so damaging to Virginia, 
beisdes being further South, and hence, much earlier, which is the 
most important consideration to "truckers," as it means high prices. 
In fertility, transportation facilities, and variety of soils and produc- 
tions, Georgia has advantages over any of the Atlantic Coast States, 
while taxation is lower than in any of them, being only 70 cents on 
$100 worth of property. Its railway communications give to its 
farmers speedy access to the Western and Northwestern markets, and 
refrigerator cars and first-class steamships convey the perishable pro- 
ducts rapidly and securely to the Eastern markets. 

Most of the early fruits and vegetables go to New York and are 
shipped by rail and water, at very low rates and on fast trains. The 
rate from Jacksonville to New York, by water, is thirty cents a box, 
and by rail 50 cents, with a difference in time of twenty-four hours in 
favor of the rail route. . 

The shipment of strawberries begin in December and continue all 
through the season. They are sent to New York in refrigerators. In 
March of this years strawberries which had formerly brought $1 or 
$1.25 per quart were selling as low as 25 cents. The Western mar- 
kets are now better than the Eastern. Georgia is exceptionally favored 
in its transportation facilities to Louisville and the Northwest. Toma- 
toes that bring $5.00 per bushel in Louisville, sell in New York for $2. 

" Georgia has a monopoly of the early peach market in the great 
Eastern cities, and brings her large summer varieties into competition 
with the small early varieties grown in New Jersey. Southern and 
Middle Georgia are best adapted to the peach and fig. In these sec- 
tions, lands along the lines of railways suitable for fruit-growing can 
be purchased according to quality and location, at from one to ten 
dollars per acre; but such lands are rapidly advancing in price. 
North Georgia is best adapted to the apple, and Middle Georgia to 
to the pear." 

Mr. John H. Parnell, of West Point, Georgia, has probably the largest 
peach orchard in the United States. There are many large orchards 
in Georgia, and the report of the State Commissioner of Agriculture, 
states that the increase in the area devoted to fruits and vegetables 
in the past twelve months, is twelve per cent. Mr. Parnell shipped 
his crates of peaches to New York in May, and the first shipment to 
Atlanta, Georgia, was sold in that city for $35 a bushel. 

Dr. S. Hape, of Atlanta, and Messrs. R. E. and H. A. Crittendon, 
of Randolph country, are now planting at Ward Station in that 



72 STATE OF GEORGIA 

county probably the largest orchard and vineyard in the State. By 
another season they expect to have four hundred acres in trees and 
vines. 

The " Farmer and Fruit Grower " expresses itself thus : 

"If we were to make a prophecy about anything horticultural, it 
would be that, for years to come, the highest priced fruits to be seen, 
in Western markets would be choice peaches." 

Experienced fruit growers and gardeners can easily obtain lucrative 
employment in Georgia. By adding a little capital to their time and 
labor, they can affect most advantageous terms with the owners of 
the farms devoted to fruits and vegetables. A few instances will show 
how remunerative the business is, even when confined tolocalma.kets. 

" Mr. J. N. Walker of this county, shipped the past week to 
Atlanta, 377 cabbages, weighing about 3,500 pounds, which at four 
cents per pound, amounted to $140; nearly 40 cents apiece. One 
hundred and fifty of the above cabbage weighed 1,875 pounds, and. 
brought $75, or 50 cents apiece." — Brunswick Advertiser. 

On the subject of "Truck farming — What five acres will do," the 
Thomasville Times, says: 

"Mr. Geo. P. McRae, of Lowndes County, planted two acres in 
cucumbers and three acres in tomatoes. He has or will ship six hun- 
dred crates of each, and for which two dollars per crate will be real- 
ized. This foots up the astonishing sum of two thousand four hun- 
dred dollars." The standard crate is 8 by 14 by 22 inches; capacity, 
one bushel. To insure ventilation they are generally made octagon 
shape, or corners of the headings cut off. 

" Gen. LeDuc has in his possession several samples of Georgia 
raised tea, said to be of excellent quality, and for which the grower 
was offered fifty cents per pound in bulk for all he could supply, 
(Gen. LeDuc is U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture). " 

Mr. Wm. Dean, a prominent woolen manufacturer and practical 
farmer of Wilmington, Delaware, has been traveling in Georgia and 
Florida : 

(From the Jacksonville Union). 

"Mr. Dean is enthusiastic in his description of what he has seen in 
the South. He thinks there is no comparison between the North and 
the South, so far as farming and cotton manufacturing is concerned, 
the advantages of the South being so much greater than those of the 
North. Very soon, he thinks, it will be impossible for the North to 
compete with the South in the manufacture of brown cotton goods. 
As for farming, Mr. Dean says, if he was thirty years younger, he could 
take two thousand dollars, go South, engage in farming, and in ten 
years have a hundred thousand dollars. He was glad to sell his po- 
tatoes at the North at a dollar and a half a barrel. It cost a half 
dollar to get them from where he lived to New York, and it cost no 
more to ship them from Georgia or Florida. Land in Delaware cost 
one hundred dollars an acre ; here it can be bought for five dollars 
per acre. The latter, with judicious cultivation, would yield just as 
much as the former." 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 73 

The Albany News states that Mr. J. W. Barnes picked fifty bush- 
els of cucumbers from his truck garden just beyond the city limits. 
The most of them have been shipped to Philadelphia, where he ex- 
pects to get four dollars per bushel for them. 

Mr. Geo. T. Young, formerly of Plainfield, N. J., wrote from Way- 
cross, Ware County, August 5, 1879, the following statement, show- 
ing how many crops can be raised from the same ground in the same 
year: 

"We have gathered two crops of Irish potatoes, and have it plant- 
ed now with sweet potatoes looking well. The longer I live here, the 
more I think of the country for agricultural purposes." 

Hundreds of similar reports might be given, but the above state- 
ments are sufficient to prove that, whether early vegetables or fruit be 
cultivated, the area devoted to them need not be limited, as the de- 
mand in the Northeast and Northwest will always be in excess of the 
supply 

Meanwhile it is well to note the effect of competition. The berry 
season North does not begin until June, and lasts only two weeks. 
Early fruits ripen in Southern Georgia before the seeds are planted at 
the North. For early vegetables and fruits, and rapid transportation 
to Northern markets, Southern Georgia is unexcelled. Georgia Straw- 
berries are found in the New York market in mid-winter. But it is 
only in the past two or three years that the culture of strawberries 
has become a specialty in Georgia. The yield is said to be about 
4,000 quarts to the acre, which, at 12 cents a quart, would give an 
income fiom 225 acres of over $108,000. 

A Charleston newspaper notes the price of strawberries in South 
Carolina since they were first cultivated for Northern markets. In 
1872, they brought an average price of 57 cents a quart; in 1873, 
33 cents; in 1874, 38 cents; in 1875, 29 X cents; in 1876, 21 cents; 
in 1877, 20 cents; in 1878, 11^ cents; in 1879, 14 cents; and this 
year the average is estimated at about 12^ cents. The decline in 
price is owing partly to competition with the West Indies and partly 
to the nominally low price of all products due to the return of the 
currency to a specie basis. 

Good cultivators can make in Georgia an average of $150 an acre 
from strawberries above expenses. As much as $2500 net has been 
made from seven acres in strawberries in this latitude. Forty car- 
loads of strawberries have been consumed in Chicago and sent to 
neighboring towns in one day, and Southern strawberries have been 
sold there when there was a foot of snow in Canada but a few degrees 
distant. The growers in Georgia having all the advantages which 
the early market gives, can make much greater profits than the 
growers in New Jersey. 



74 STATE OF GEOKGIA, 

Peas can be sown in Southern Georgia in January, and Irish pota- 
toes may be planted at the same time. Beans can be planted in 
February and March, and many other vegetables at same time. 

The same advantage possessed by the coast of Georgia over that of 
Virginia with regard to strawberries, pertain to the culture of early 
potatoes for the Eastern markets. New potatoes from Norfolk, the 
only Southern port quoted from ordinarily, begin to arrive in the 
latter part of May or the first of June. They can be shipped from 
Georgia several weeks earlier than from Norfolk, and the New York 
markets are dependent on the Bermuda Islands, Florida, Georgia, 
South Carolina and Virginia for early potatoes from January to July. 
New York City and Brooklyn consume 10,000 barrels per day. 

The receipts from sales of watermelons at Augusta, Georgia, are 
worth $100,000 per annum. On the 20th April, a melon was 
marketed at Americus, (Southwestern Ga.,) twelve inches long and 
fourteen inches in circumference. 

In the Spring of 1877, there were shipped from one port of Georgia 
23,284 packages of fruit, 20,405 packages of vegetables, and 26,345 
melons. I have not been able to get the returns for the year 1879, 
but it is probable that there will be over 500,000 boxes shipped in the 
year 1880. 

The apples of Northern and Middle Georgia, keep well until Apri 
or May. The Shockley ripens in September, and hardly ever fails 
to yield a good crop. The Bachelor, Horn Apple or English Crab, 
do well ; the Nickajack or Fall Pippin are fine apples and ripen in 
October. -It is estimated that an orchard will yield from 50 to 75 
barrels to the acre if well attended to. One-half will sell for $1.50, 
and the other for $2 per barrel in New York, but there is a local 
demand for all raised in Georgia at present. 

The fruit farm should be near good shipping facilities, and there 
should be an ample supply of labor in the immediate neighborhood 
to furnish labor at any time needed. The coast counties of the State 
of Georgia, with the quick sandy soil and sunny skies, can furnish 
tons of ripe strawberries in mid- winter, and will eventually render the 
growing of this fruit under glass unprofitable. In spite of the diffi- 
culties that environ the Northern farmer, even the late crop of berries 
are very profitable, and it needs but good judgment and business 
foresight, to make much greater profits for the Georgia fruit grower. 

The State Commissioner of Agriculture, in a recent report, shows 
an increase in the area devoted to orchards and vineyards in the last 
tewlve months to be twelve per cent. The most rapid increase will 
be in peaches, grapes, pears and plums. Every part of Georgia has 
grape growing enterprises in successful operation. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 75 

NOTES ON TRUCK FAKMING. 

Office of Savannah, Florida, and Western R. R., ) 
and Florida Dispatch Line, 315 Broadway. $ 

New York, May 11, 1880. 

The receipts via " Florida Dispatch Line " and Southern Express 
Company for the week ending the 8th inst., were: Vegetables, 5.800 
packages. Condition: cucumbers, mostly fair to poor; potatoes good ; 
tomatoes good ; beans poor ; squash fair ; cabbage fair ; beets fair. 

Prices: Potatoes, Florida, $2.50(^5.00 per barrel; potatoes, Sa- 
vannah, $3.oo@4.oo per barrel; tomatoes, $2.5004.50 per crate; 
cabbage, Savannah, $1.50(^2.25 per barrel; cabbage, Norfolk, 
$i.oo@2.25 per barrel; beans, flat, Florida, 5oc.@75c. per crate; 
beans, round, Florida, 5oc.@$i.oo per crate; beans, Savannah and 
Charleston, $2.oo@2.5o per crate; squash, 50c. per crate; beets, 
$ i.oo@ 1.50 per crate ; cucumbers, $i.oo@i. 50 per crate. 

C. D. OWENS, 

Gen' I Age tit. 

Boston, May 7, 1880. 
Beans will not pay to ship any longer. Cucumbers plenty and 
poor ; have ruled dull and lower ; tomatoes, choice, sell fairly at quo- 
tations : Tomatoes, $3.oo@4.oo; cucumbers, 75c.@$i.59; beans, 
flat, $i.25@i.5o; beans, round, $1.50(^1.75. 

Philadelphia, May 15, 1880. 
Potatoes, large to choice, $5.oo@5.5o; cabbage, $2.oo@3.oo per 
barrel; tomatoes, ripe, $3.50(^4.00; green, $i.oo@2.oo; cucum. 
bers to-day, $2.5o@3.oo; beans and squash are not paying freight. 

G. W. SHALLCROSS & CO. 



Farnum &Co., Gen'l Produce and Commission / 
Merchants, Nos. 108 & no Faneuil Hall Market. \ 

Boston, May 19th, 1880. 
Editor Jacksonville Dispatch : 

" The steamer United States arrived with cucumbers in fine order; 
they sold for $2.50 to $2.75 per crate, and found quick sale. Also 
the cucumbers via Atlantic Coast Line were in fine order, and sold at 
$2.50 to $2.72. We received twenty-six crates of cucumbtrs from G. 
R. McKee, of Valdosta, Georgia, via the steamer United Slates, 
which were the finest ever received in this market, anH sold for good 
pries. FARNUM & CO. 



76 STATE OF GEOKGIA, 



GRAPE GROWING AND WINE MAKING. 

Examine the isothermal lines and temperature tables of Georgia,, 
and they will be found to correspond with the best wine growing 
countries in Europe. One thousand gallons of wine may be produced 
on an acre of land in Georgia, which can be bought for $5 per acre. 

Any one familiar with the forests of Georgia has enjoyed the 
delicious flavor of the * " Scuppernong " and "Muscadine" grapes, 
even when in the wild state. They festoon the trees, and form an 
arbor, or support, with the aid of nature only. 

White, in his description of this vine, says : 

"We consider this very peculiar grape one of the greatest boons to 
the South. It has very little resemblance to any of the grapes of the 
other sorts. It is a rampant grower and requires little, if any, culti- 
vation. It blooms from the fifteenth to the last of June, and ripens 
its fruit the last of September or beginning of October. It has no 
disease in wood, leaf or fruit, and rarely, if ever, fails to produce a 
heavy crop. We have never known it to fail. Neither birds nor in- 
sects ever attack the fruit. 

" It will produce a greater weight of fruit than any other variety in 
the world. The clusters vary in size from ten to twenty berries, and 
the berries in size from three-fourths to one inch and a quarter in 
diameter. 

"Vines, six years transplanted, have this year given an average of 
three bushels to each vine ; we are credibly informed that a vine of 
this variety is growing near Mobile, which has produced two hundred 
and fifty bushels of grapes in a year, and we know that vines ten 
years old have given and will give thirty bushels per vine. A bushel 
of these grapes will give from three to three and a half gallons of 
juice, according to ripeness. 

" It is the cheapest and most luscious of any grape we have ever 
seen or tasted, makes a fine, heavy, high-flavored, fruity wine, and is 
peculiarly adapted to making foaming wines." 

{From the Southern Enterprise, Agricultural Monthly, Atlanta, Ga.) 

"The grape, which promises to be, with the peach, the staple fruit 
product of the State, thrives well in every part of the State, but of 
course better in some localities than in others. Marked success has- 
been attained, however, in every section, showing the general adapta- 
bility of soil and climate to the growth of the vine. 

" The Labrusca and OZstivalis types bear immense crops in every 
section. The Rotuhdifoha do not bear well on calcareous soils." 

We give the names of some of the parties who have given especial, 
attention to grape culture in different sections of the country : 

* The original scuppernong vine, reported to have been discovered by Sir- 
Walter Raleigh in the sixteenth century, covers over one acre of ground, and is 
assessed to produce over 2,000 gallons of wine in one season. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 77 

"Mr. John Stark, Thomasville, Georgia, has, for some years, been 
successfully engaged in grape growing and wine making. We know 
from personal observation that he has succeeded in making wines 
of fine quality. 

"Messrs. Starowski and Schneider, Hawkinsville, Ga., have been 
remarkably successful, having produced from the vintage of 1878, 
twelve hundred gallons of wine on 2 1 /. acres of Concord and Delaware 
grapes. We sampled some of their Delaware wine, which was very 
fine at the age of one year. 

"Mr. Jas. E. Antony, of Macon, Ga., exhibited at the last Horti- 
cultural Fair, grapes which challenged the admiration of all who saw 
them. 

"Mr. W. W. Woodruff, of Griffin, Ga., has a large vineyard, from 
which he makes excellent wine. 

" Mr. W. W. Clark, Covington, Ga., who has been somewhat a 
pioneer in this enterprise, had on exhibition at the Grape display of 
the Atlanta Pomological Society, last August, thirty-six varieties of 
grapes, all perfect developments of their varieties. He has gained 
quite a reputation for the excellence of his wines. 

" Mrs. J. W. Bryan, Dillon, Walker county, in the Northwest cor- 
ner of the State, on Lookout Mountain, has made a marked success 
of grape growing. So has Mr. J. Van Buren, a veteran fruit culturist 
near Clarksville, in Habersham county, in the Northeastern part of 
the State. 

" Mr. P. J. Berckmans, of Augusta, though not making a specialty 
of grapes, has demonstrated that that part of the State is well adapted 
to their growth, while Mr. D. C. Schultze, near West Point, on the 
Western border of the State, has illustrated successful grape growing 
there. 

" There are many fine vineyards around Atlanta and elsewhere, but 
we have mentioned enough to show how generally through the State 
the grape grows successfully. 

" A company has been organized at Cuthbert, in Southwest Georgia, 
for the purpose of manufacturing wine on a large scale, and another 
is being organized in Atlanta, for the same purpose." 



78 



STATE OF GEORGIA, 



WATER POWERS AND MEDICINAL WATERS. 

The difference of elevation between the sources among the moun- 
tains and the mouths of our rivers that empty into ocean or gulf, 
ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 feet, demonstrates the abundance and 
value of the water-powers of Georgia. We do not believe that Geor- 
£ia is excelled in this respect by any State in the Union. In the 
appendix to this work will be found a partial list of the water-powers, 
of Georgia, but in order to illustrate briefly their extent and value we 
copy the following list from the official measurements of the State 
geologist : 

" The estimates given below are for the theoretical horse-power 
of the stream, without the accumulation of its waters in a reservoir. 
The horse-power is equivalent to 33,000 foot-pounds. 



Horse-power- 
Chattahoochee river, Columbus 85,558 

Chattahoochee river, Fulton co . 2,448 

Ocmulgee river, Lloyd's Shoal. 8,970 

Ocmulgee river, Seven Islands. 2,050 

•Ocmulgee river, Ciapp's Shoals 508 

Ocmulgee river, Glover's mill. 1,368 

Etowah river, Bartow county. . 2,250 

Etowah river, Franklin mines . 1,029 

Etowah river, Lumpkin county . 272 

Holt's Shoals, Bibb county. . . 1,050 

South river, Butts county 350 

South river, Clarke's Factory . . 247 

Snake creek, Carroll county 405 

Pataula creek, Clay county 601 

Armuchee creek, Floyd county. 151 



Horse-power. 
Coosawattee, Carter's • mill . . . . 3,085 
Oconee river, Long Shoals F'y. 1,024 
Oconee river, Riley's Shoals... . 2,054 
Oconee river, Oconee county... 5,642 
Oconee river, Jackson county . . 271 
Tallulah river, Habersham co. .20,508 
Mulberry creek, Harris county. 1,020 

Towaliga, High Falls 1,530 

Yellow river, Cedar Shoals.... 1,302 
Yellow river, Cedar and Henley 

Shoals 2,000 

Little river, Eatonton Factory . 155 
Nacoochee Gold Mining Co., 

White county 575 

Savannah river, Augusta canal. .14, 000 



"These are only a few of the many which might be mentioned. 
"The immense water-power of Anthony's Shoals, Broad river, in 
Wilkes and Elbert counties, has not been accurately estimated." 



MINERAL WATERS. 



Northern and Middle Georgia abound in Iron, Sulphur and Mag- 
nesia waters. Many of these have been for a long time attractive to 
invalids, and pleasure-seekers. 

The following springs have been popular resorts for many years- 



Catoosa Springs, Catoosa County. 
Rowland Springs, Bartow County. 
New Holland Spring, Hall County, 
Sulphur Spring, Hall County. 
Porter's Springs, Lumpkin County. 
Helicon Springs, Clarke County. 



Indian Springs, Butts County. 
Newnan Springs, Coweta County. 
Sulphur Springs, Meriwether County. 
Warm Springs, Meriwether County. 
Chalybeate Springs, Meriwether Co. 
Gower's Spring, Hall County. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 79 



WARM SPRINGS, MERIWETHER COUNTY. 

The situation, North side of Pine Mountain 1,800 feet above the 
sea, and natural advantages of these Springs are unsurpassed. 

Except the Hot Springs of Arkansas, we do not know of any resort 
in America better suited to cure persons suffering from cutaneous dis- 
eases, rheumatism, dyspepsia, or diseases of the Urinary organs. 
The spring or fountain gushing forth from the mountain, 1,400 gal- 
lons of water per minute, temperature 90 Fahr., is one of nature's 
wonders. 

The Baths, six in number, ten feet square, with a constant flow of 
water in and through them, from two to four and a half feet deep, are 
equal to any in America. The analysis of the water is as follows : 

Quantity 1,400 gallons per minute. 

Temperature 90° Fahr. 

Specific Gravity 998- 

IN THE WINE PINT ARE FOUND 

Carbonic Acid Gas.. 1.11 cubic inches. 

Carbonate of iron 3.29 grains. 

Oxide of Calcium ._ ...4.64 " 

Oxide of Magnesia 11.68 " 

Hydro Sulphuric Acid, a large quantity. 

It is desired to form a stock company, and make of this estate an 
attractive Winter resort for Northern people who desire to escape the 
rigors of the Northern Winter. There are 1,200 acres in this estate, 
all of which are admirably adapted to sheep husbandry and fruit cul- 
ture. There is a cold Chalbybeate Spring near the hotel, and the 
Chalybeate and White Sulphur Springs, both popular Summer 
resorts, are each distant seven miles. The North and South Railroad 
is a few miles distant. For particulars, address •'Commissioner Land 
and Immigration, Atlanta, Georgia." 

The best improved watering place in the State is the Catoosa 
Springs, Catoosa County. There are twenty four different varieties 
of mineral water at Catoosa Springs ; the depot of the W. & A. R. 
R., is two miles distant. 

The coldest freestone water is about a half mile from Dahlonega; 
it registers a temperature of 55 Fahr. 

Porter's Springs in Lumpkin County, 28 miles north of Gainesville, 
and 10 from Dahlonega, is a very popular resort, surrounded by the 
finest scenery in the State. The water is cool, and the temperature 
delightful during the entire season. Their altitude above the sea is 
3100 feet, affording the purest cold free stone as well as best mineral 
waters. 




NORTHERN GEORGIA, TALLULAH FALLS, HABERSHAM COUNTY. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 81 



TYPICAL FALLS, NORTH EASTERN GEORGIA. 

If the mountains of North-eastern Georgia recall the groups in the 
: ' Saxon Switzerland," of Saxony, the Nacoochee Valley and the 
neighboring falls of Tallulah and Toccoa rival the most picturesque 
falls and cascades of Switzerland. The falls of the Sallenche, in the 
Canton Valais, sometimes called the Pissevache, is seen again in 
Toccoa, while the Tallulah Falls recall the Giesbach, or "Dust Fall." 
But, though resembling the mountains and cascades of the Middle 
Alps, the altitude of which is from 2,000 to 5,500 feet. Tallulah pos- 
sesses characteristics that are distinctly American. But for the seeth- 
ing, rushing torrent, making its impetuous way through the narrow 
ledge walled by precipitous cliffs, Tallulah would be like the canons 
of the far West. The Genevese, however, will see here a resemblance 
to the cliffs of the " Grand Gorge," on Mont Saleve, near Geneva. 
The perpendicular heights of solid rock are thus named,: 



Point Inspection 1,200 feet. 

Throne of Aeolus 600 ' ' 

Devil's Pulpit 450 " 

Student's Rostrum 500 " 



Grand Chasm 800 feet. 

Vulcan's Forge 500 " 

Lover's Leap 500 " 

Diana's Rest 200 " 



The altitude of the hotel is 2,382 feet above the sea. The princi- 
pal falls are "Lodore," 46 feet high; "Tempesta," 81 feet high; 
"Hurricane," 92 feet high, and "Oceana," 49 feet high. The 
" Bridal Veil " fall, 26 feet in height, is the beginning of the mighty 
rapids of the Tallulah river, which, in a distance of three-fourlhs of a 
mile has a total fall of 450 feet. The height of the perpendicular 
cliffs, tufted with trees and shrubs here and there, on either side, is 
from two hundred to one thousand feet. Hawthorne's Pool, between 
Lodore and Tempesta Falls, is a lovely basin. Here a minister by 
the name of Hawthorne lost his life by venturing to take a bath in the 
seductive but dangerous waters. It is a thrilling scene to look down 
from the Grand Chasm at the foaming torrent, rushing with tempest 
haste in its narrow channel, eight hundred and sixty feet below. 
Distant fifteen miles away is the loveliest valley in Georgia — 
"Nacoochee" — named after the indian maiden who, the legend 
says, took the fatal leap. In this beautiful valley is the mansion 
of Mr. James Nicholls, surrounded by beautiful grounds, orna- 
mented with flowers, rare plants, artificial lakes, fish pools, and 
parks for deer. Upon one of the pre-historic mounds that extend 
from Kentucky to Mexico — relics of the unknown race that first 
peopled this continent — is a fountain which is watered from the upper 
waters of the Chattahoochee river. 

Toccoa, on the Air Line Railroad, is the nearest station to this 
region. It is probable that thousands of visitors would visit Tallulah 



82 



STATE OF GEORGIA, 



Falls each summer, if sufficient hotel accommodations were provided.. 
For information concerning these properties, or for water-powers and 
manufacturing sites in any part of Georgia, address "Commissioner 
Land and Immigration, Atlanta, Georgia." 




TOCCOA FALLS, NORTH-EASTERN GEORGIA. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 



83 



THE CULTURE OF COTTON. 

As cotton is the leading or " money crop " of Georgia, many may 
wish to know how to cultivate the crop of 600,000 bales, worth last 
year over $35,000,000. 




THE COTTON PLANT. 



The producers of Georgia numbered at the last census, 88fc,o8i 
people. The following brief description is offered: 

In the rapid, loose, soil-denuding way cf the ante bellum. period, 
and on large plantations to-day, one mule and two "hands " (a hand 
means an adult laborer,) cultivated 30 acres in corn (maize) and cot- 
ton, and 20 acres in cats and wheat, additional help being necessary 
to harvest the crops and prepare them for market. 

The Northern farmer, accustomed to careful tillage and manuring, 
wi.l find the intensive system of farming as profitable in Georgia as 
in New England, and will reduce the area to be cultivated one-half or 



84 STATE OP GEORGIA., 

three-fourths with profit. The extra cost for manures and extra care 
in tillage required to make a bale per acre, instead of a bale on three 
acres, is more than compensated by the saving in labor, owing to the 
smaller area cultivated. 

The U. S. Agricultural Department, in its report for 1879, thus 

compares 1878 and 1879: 

1878. 1879. 

Cotton, bales 5,216,603 5,020,387 

Cotton, price $193,854,611 $231,060,000 

Thus a few cents difference in the price of the raw material makes 
an astonishing difference in the figures. 

It is worthy of note that cotton sold at twelve cents per pound (the 
price realized this year,) will not buy any more meat or guano than 
the cotton which sold at eight and a half cents (%%c.) per pound last 
year. A ton of guano bought a bale of cotton in the spring of 1879, 
and it did the same thing last spring, although the price of cotton is 
very much more in 1880. 

There are four stages: First, planting; second, thinning to three 
plants to a place, and then the second " chopping out," at an interval 
of two weeks, when the plants are reduced to one, each plant being a 
little more than the width of a hoe distant from the other ; third, the 
Summer growth ; and fourth, the maturing and picking season. 

In cultivating cotton, the farmer, for the first two years, will need 
only a hoe, a bull tongue or "scooter" plow, and a "turn shovel 
plow;" the whole cost for cotton culture implements not exceeding 
$12.00. 

In Southern Georgia cotton planting begins with April, is continu- 
ed until June if necessary, and begins to mature in August, continu- 
ing to ripen until frost, according to the time when the seed was 
planted. The cotton seed has a tap-root which strikes downward in 
a week from the time of planting. In a month the first " chopping " 
begins, the "turn plow" having previously cleaned the land of grass 
and leaving the cotton bed elevated in a narrow row, so that it is 
easy work for the hoe to reduce the plants to a "stand," ie., two plants 
to the hill. 

The seed is dropped in drills in the rows, which run at distances 
varying from three to five feet, according to the fertility of the land — 
the richer the soil, the wider the rows — for cotton is essentially a sun- 
plant, and, on rich soil, the weed is too luxuriant to admit the sun's 
rays, unless the " rows " are made wide. In two or three weeks the 
ground is again plowed; the hoes follow, eradicating all grass and 
cutting away all the plants but one in a. place. At twelve inches the 
plant begins to throw forth limbs on which appear leaves and buds, 
the pure white blossom opening at sun rise or after, and closing early 
in the afternoon, turning as it closes to a reddish color. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c 85 

Little children and women can easily aid in cultivating and harvest- 
ing the cotton crop. Few crops present a more beautiful appearance 
to the eye than the cotton crop when in full bloom, resembling rather 
a flower garden than a field crop. Finally the flowers drop, leaving 
a litttle "boll," which, in about six weeks, matures its fruit of fleecy 
cotton — truly a "golden fleece." 

There are three crops, known as " bottom," " middle " and " top " 
crops. The first is from blooms that come before the middle of July; 
the second is from blooms that come between July and September, 
and the last is from blooms coming after September ist. 

Just here we will note a fact that, while generally recognized, has not 
yet been accounted for, viz : Northern Georgia was not considered a 
cotton country untd after emancipation; now'Atlanta receives, with two 
exceptions, more cotton than any city in the State, and cotton is cultiva- 
ted with profit among the mountains, even to the Tennessee line. This 
is probably due to two facts : First, Northern Georgia has always been 
a "white man's country," few negroes comparatively and few large 
plantations having existed there before the late war ; second, the white 
laboring man in Georgia is generally an industrious laborer, and has 
too much intelligence to work large areas of poor land or to raise crops 
that do not pay. The best paying crop for the poor man who works his 
own land is cotton, because the product of twelve acres at one bale to 
three acres or of four acres at one bale per acre, worth in either case 
about $200, may be carried to market in a two-horse wagon at one 
journey. Any farmer can estimate the cost of transporting any other 
farm " money crop" of same value to market, and realize the advan- 
tage of the farmer in Georgia. Again, a handful of cotton seed to the 
"hill" of corn — applied before planting the seed — will generally double 
the crop of corn (maize,) and four bales of cotton, after being mar- 
keted, leave as manure, in addition to the stalk and limbs, 4,400 
pounds of cotton seed. The chemical and manurial value of cotton 
seed could easily be given by comparative tables as proved by analy- 
ses, but we desire to make such illustrations as will be understood and 
appreciated by the plain farmer. 

The cotton plant was originally a tree, or at least an herbaceous 
perennial, and still retains the tap-root, on the skilful management of 
which the crop very much depends. The problem, suggests a recent 
writer, is so to increase fine and lengthen the lint, that the seed cot- 
ton of the future will have 40 or 50 per cent, of seed, and not 65 or 
70 as is the case now. There is no single, crop more worthy of inves- 
tigation, both from the scientific and practical standpoints, than that 
of cotton. 



STATE OF GEORGIA, 



NOTES ON COTTON CULTURE. 

The following tabular statements taken from the diary of a noted 
cotton planter, will give additional light to this subject : 

1859-60— First bloom, May 31; killing frost, Nov. 7; total crop r 
4,675,770; total value, $271,783,807. 

1860-61— First bloom, May 25; killing frost, Oct. 30; total crop,. 
3,700,000; total value, $185,000,000. 

1861-62— First bloom, May 31 ; killing frost, Oct. 13. 

1862-65— [No data.] 

1865-66— First bloom, June 23; killing frost, Oct. 20; total crop,, 
2,151,043; total value, 450,084,227. 

1866-67— First bloom, June 11; killing frost, Oct. 25; total crop,. 
1,951,988; total value, $282,272,498. 

1867-68 — First bloom, June 1; killing frost, Nov. 6; total crop,. 
2,430,893; total value, $232,320,444. 

1868-69 — First bloom, June 11; killing frost, Oct. 28; total crop, 
3,154,592; total value, 8329,586,115. 

1870-71 — First bloom, June 9; killing frost, Nov. 18; total crop, 
4,347,006; total value, $306,376,982. 

1871-72— First bloom, June 4; killing frost, Nov. 15; total crop, 
2,974,351; total value, $327,178,610. 

From the above statements it will be seen that a small crop of cot- 
ton is worth as much to the producers as a large one, and, therefore,, 
it is questionable whether low wages and large cotton crops represent 
a wise policy. The more numerous the small farmers, the greater 
the aggregate profit, seems the rational conclusion. 



THE COTTON ACREAGE OF l88o. 

The New York Financial and Commercial Chronicle has made up 
its figures of cotton acreage, stand and condition for 1880, and arrives, 
at the following result as to acreage : 

Actual Estimated for 1880. 

States. Acreage, 

1879. Increase. Acres 1880. 

North Carolina 624, 089 8 $ ct. 674, 01 6 

South Carolina 985,370 11 f ct. 1,093,760 

Georeia 1,744,048 10 $ ct. 1,918,452 

Florida 222, 705 3 f ct. 229, 386 

Alabama 2,122,422 8 f ct. 2,292,245 

Mississippi. ..2,117,101 3fct. 2,180,614 

Louisiana 1,285,250 4 $ ct. 1,336,660 

Texas 1,684,631 17 $ ct. 2,971,018 

Arkansas 1,132,876 16 f ct. 1,314,147 

Tennessee 761,400 15 f) ct. 875,679 

Total 12, 679, 962 9. 5 1 $ ct. 13, 885, 947 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &o. 87 



The average yield of lint cotton, per acre, is given as follows : 
1870-1 - - pounds per acre, 191 



1871-2. 

1872-3. 

1873-4. 

1874-5 

1875-6 . 

1876-7. 

1877-8. 

1878-9. 



147 
177 
169 
154 
177 
171 
169 
182 



PROFITS OF COTTON CULTURE. 

A correspondent of the New York Bulletin, a planter himself, thus 
describes the profits of cotton culture : 

" The average estimated cost of raising, ginning, baling and deliv- 
ering the crop at the railroad is about $n per acre, and the average 
yield of the South is 191 pounds per acre; that is to say, the cost of 
raising cotton is $}{ cents per pound. The planters have received an 
average of about 1 1 %. cents for it delivered at the railroads, thus 
making a profit of about 5^ cents per pound on at least five million 
bales of 450 pounds each — 2.250,000,000 pounds — or $124,000,000 
clear profit." 

notes on cotton culture. 

Prices of Cotton from 1825 to 1878. 



Cents. 

28 

68 

69 

1.90 

1.22 

52 

36 

33 

35 

25| 

25J 

25f 

21| 

18| 

17i 

13f 

13^ 

13ft 

The highest price for middling upland for the cotton year 1877-8 
was reached August 31st, at I2ftc., and the lowest, ioftc. The 
lowest price reached in the period of years given above was 4c, in 
1845. In 1843, '44 and '48 the lowest figure reached was 5c. The 
next lowest was 6c, in 1846 and 1849, and 7c. in 1855, since when 
the lowest was attained December 13th, 1878, at 8yfc. The highest 
price of middling upland in the cotton year 1878-9, has been 13^0.; 
this has also the distinction of being the highest quotation since 1875. 





Cents. 




Cents. 


1825 


27 


1843 


8 


1826 


14 


1844 


9 


1827 


12 


1845 


9 


1828 


13 


1846 


9 


1829 


..11 

13 


1847 


9 


1830 


1848 


8 


1831 


..11 


1849 


11 


1832. 


...12 


1850 


14 


1833 


17 


1851.... 


14 


1834 


.16 


1852 


10 


1835 


20 


1853 


11 


1836 


20 


1854 


10 


1837 


.17 


1 55 


11 


1838 


...12 


1856 


12 


1839 


-.16 


1857 


..15 


1840 


10 


1858 


13 


1841 


11 


1859 


12 


1842 


9 


1860 


11 



1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

1864. 

1865. 

1866. 

1867. 

1868. 

1869. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875. 

1876 

1877. 

1S78. 



STATE OF GEORGIA, 



COTTON SEED OIL. 

A letter from Boston says on this subject : " Cotton seed oil is now 
used but little in the paint trade, its use being confined mainly to the 
manufacture of putty. Where it was formerly used, linseed oil is now 
substituted to a great extent. It is, however, used quite largely in 
the preparation of woolen cloth and morocco leather, and for oiling 
machinery. 

"It consists of three grades — the clarified, the refined and the 
winter bleached. The great use to which the refined and bleached 
oils are now put, is as a substitute for almond oil or genuine Italian 
olive oil. Great quantities are sent to Europe annually, where it is 
transformed into a sweet oil which it would puzzle any but a connois- 
seur to detect from the genuine article. 

" This use to which cotton seed oil is now put, although of compara- 
tively recent origin, is constantly growing in importance, and it will, 
ere long, become one of the most important items in the list of our' 
exports to the old world. 

" Thus the great staple, cotton, not only clothes our nakedness,, 
nourishes our cattle in the form of cotton seed meal, but is now used 
to render our own food palatable. Who can venture to tell to what 
further uses it may yet be put ? 

" The market value of cotton seed oil depends to a great extent 
upon that of lard oil, as both articles are used for a great many 
similar purposes." 

In Southern Europe, olive oil is now largely adulterated with oil of 
cotton seed. Forty-one mills for extracting oil from cotton seed are 
being worked in the cotton belt, and there is much money in this in- 
dustry. 

NOTES ON COTTON SEED MEAL. 

The following table exhibits the relative feeding value of cotton 
seed and cotton seed meal : 

Digestible Albumin . Carb0 . 
ST' oids - ^drate, FatS - 

CottonSeed 56. 17.1 11.6 27.3 

Cotton Seed Meal 57.5 30. 17.5 10. 

One hundred pounds of cotton seed are worth about as much for 
producing milk as the same quantity of cotton seed meal, and, there- 
fore, cotton seed at io cents per bushel, is a much cheaper cow food 
than cotton seed meal at $20 per ton. A ton of cotton seed, (66 
bushels to the ton) will cost $6.66, against $20 for the ton of meal. 

For manurial purposes the meal is much more valuable than cotton 
seed, for the reason that the oil which has been expressed, being 
twenty per cent, of the whole weight, is worth nothing as a manure. 
For feeding purposes, however, either for milk cows or fattening 
animals, the oils, rich in animal fats, is very valuable. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c, 89 




90 STATE OF OKEOKGIA, 



IRON MANUFACTURE. 

Mr. Robert P. Porter, of Chicago, one of the ablest and most widely 
known statisticians in the United States, in a letter to the New York 
Sun, thus writes : 

"I made the statement that pig iron can be manufactured in the 
South more cheaply than in any other part of the United States 
cheerfully enough, and that Georgia was never in a better condition 
than to-day. I will now supplement it with the fact that at Knoxville, 
Chattanooga, Atlanta, Rome, and many other points in Kentucky, 
Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, they have engaged successfully in 
the manufacture of iron in all its forms, drawing their raw materials 
from Southern mines of ore and coal and limestone, deposits of which 
are abundant and of the best quality. I believe that Northern capital 
as it gains confidence in the South, will, ere long, help it to open new 
mines of ore and coal, to build new furnaces, and to extend its railroad 
facilities. 

"I fully agree with Mr. Fontaine when he says the South is a fine 
field for emigration. The abolition of slavery will make it less diffi- 
cult for white emigrants to compete in agricultural pursuits." 

Blast furnaces are numerous in North-western Georgia, some of 
them producing 40 tons pig iron per day, and many immense estab- 
lishments, for the manufacture of pig metal, demonstrate that this in- 
dustry will rapidly assume first-class importance in Georgia. " Char- 
coal iron" cannot be manufactured to better advantage anywhere in 
the world. The Rolling Mills at Atlanta have shipped immense 
quantities of rails to Texas and other States. In the region of coun- 
try alluded to in Mr. Porter's letter, may be found coal, iron, lime- 
stone, and forest, placed by nature in near proximity to each other. 
River and rail transportation is convenient and accessible. The fol- 
lowing extract from a letter received by the Commissioner of Immi- 
gration, explains the situation from the laborer's standpoint : 

"Mr. W. wrote you a few days ago our proposition with regard to 
the fifty men needed at once, which was to advance funds for trans- 
portation to this place, (Cedartown, Cedar Valley, Georgia), give 
them perm me it work at eighty cents per day, and furnish them 
houses, fuel, and space for garden, free of cost. We would prefer the 
number to be composed of as many single men as could be obtained, 
and would expect them to contract to work for the Company for a 
term not less than twelve months. We believe that a good class 
of emigrants would make a satisfactory substitute for the negro. We 
enclose pass for Thomas Graeme, Scotch emigrant, over our road 
to this place, and check for his transportation from New York to 
Cartersville. The cost of transportation will be deducted from the 
wages of all those to whom we advance money." 

Yours, truly, 

C. Iron & R. R. CO., 

J.R.R,, Sec'y. 



"WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 



91 



LIST OF IRON FURNACES IN GEORGIA. 







Capacity 






Tons per Bay. 


1. Bartow Furnace, Bartow Station 


, Bartow Co. 


20 


2. Charcoal " " 


" " 


7 


3. Rogers " Rogers " 


it (i 


7 


4. Pool's " Stamp Creek 


" " 


4 


5. Brown and Thomas 






Furnace, 


1 1 rl 


4 


6. Cherokee Furnace, 


Polk 


40 


7. ^Etna " 


t ( U 


10 


8. Rida;e Valley Furnace, 


Floyd " 


12 


9. Rising Fawn, 


Dade " 


50 


10. Ward's Diamond 






FuTnace, 


Bartow ' ' 


4 


11. Stamp Creek Furnace, 


<i n 


4 


12. Etowah Furnace, 


(i « 


4 


13. Allatoona " 


it tc 


4 


14. Phcenix " 


Dade " 


40 


15. Cherokee 


ii ii 


40 



250 
Manganese with Oxygen forms Pyrolusite, from which Ferro-Man- 
ganese is made in Bartow County, containing 6o per cent, of Manga- 
nese, worth $180 per ton. 

For smelting copper, says the Hand Book of Georgia, there were, 
before the war, extensive works erected at the ''Mobile Mine" in 
Fannin County, but they were burned and have not been rebuilt. 

The " Hiwassee Mine," in Towns County, will probably be worked 
again soon. At the "Waldrop Mine," in Haralson County, the 
Tallapoosa Mining Company have cut a vein of chalcopyrite, etc., 
yielding, on an average, 8 per cent, for 125 feet longitudinally, in a 
drift that has been opened, and the bed cf the ore found to average 
five feet in thickness for this distance. It is from 80 to 100 feet from 
the surface. 

No. 128. — Quantity of Pig-Iron produced, exported and retained for 
consumption in ihe United States, from 1872 to 1879, inclusive. 
[Expressed in tons of 2,240 pounds.] 



Year Ended June 30. 



Produc- 
tion. 



Imports. 



Total j Exports Retained 
! production (fore gn for home 
and and | consump. 

imports, j domestic.) tion. 



Tons. 

1872 1,706,793 

1873 2,548.713 

1874 2,560,963 

1875 2,401,262 

1876 1 2,023.723 

1877 1 1,868 961 

1878 ! 2,066,594 

1879 2,301.215 



Tons. 

217,529 
215,496 
92,042 
53,437 
70,455 
67,922 
55,000 
87,576 



Tons. 

1,954,322 
2,764,209 
2,653,005 
2,454,699 
2,103,188 
1,936,883 
2,121,594 
2,388,791 



Tons. 

2,712 
2,818 
10,152 
16,193 
7,241 
3,560 
6,198 
3,221 



Tons. 

1,952,150 
2,761,391 
2,642,853 
2,438,506 
2,095,947 
1,933.323 
2.115,396 
2,385,570 



92 STATE OP GEORGIA, 



THE MANUFACTURE OF COTTON TARNS. 

Georgia and the Carolinas furnish the Philadelphia weavers with a 
considerable portion of the cotton yarns that they use. 

The following estimate is believed to be correct. It is based upon 

present prices of cotton and yarn, which are very favorable to spinners. 

One system consists of— 

576 spindles, at $15 per spindle $8,640 

Engine and boilers 2,500 

Buildings and grounds _ 2,500 

Shafting and belting _ 1,360 

Total cost , $15,000 

Producing — 

120 bunches of yarn, per day, 5 lbs. @23c, $1.50.. $138. 00 
Cost of the cotton, 6 lbs. @ 12£c, 75c. 90.00 

Put in the market and sold — 

Freights, commissions, etc., 10£c. per bunch 12.60 

Cost to make per bunch, ll^c 13.80 

Total cost of 120 bunches.. $116.40 

Deduct this from the value of the 1 20 bunches and we have — 

Net product per day. 21.60 

" " " month. 561.60 

" year -...$6,739.80 

This calculation gives a profit of more than 40 per cent, on the 
capital invested. 



CLEMENT ATTACHMENT MILLS. 

From the report of C. T. Harden, Manager, Windsor, N. C, who- 
has one of the mills in operation : 

"We started last June, and have been running smoothly ever 
since. We are pleased with our mill and have already enlarged it, 
and are going to enlarge it to double the size it is in the Fall. We 
are now running two attachments, 512 spindles. Our mill cost 
$1 1,000 as it now stands. We are averaging 300 pounds of first-class 
yarn per day. Our mill is paying 35 per cent, on the investment, and 
we expect to make it pay 45 per cent, as soon as our hands become 
expert. We have not got a hand that ever saw a mill before. We 
have met with no reverse, and had no mishap to stop the mill a day 
sine 3 starting. There is an unlimited demand for our yarns. We 
&et the highest market price for our goods. 

" Respectfully, 

"C. T. HARDEN." 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 93 

It is stated that under the old system it cost $5 a bale for ginning, 
baling, &c, or about one cent per pound. We now quote: 

" Mr. Webber in his work (Manual of Power, page 97,) gives the 
expense of taking baled cotton through the opener, picker and card 
ing machines at the Boot Cotton Mill, at 66. 100 per pound. On that 
plan, accordingly, it would cost $1,166 to make 100 pounds of sliver 
from seed cotton. On the Clement plan the top flat card will card as 
much as four on the old plan (for reasons see our illustrated articles 
on the Clement Attachment.) Three Clement machines connected by 
railway will make 600 pounds of sliver per day, and when the self-opera- 
ting feed rigging (the Bramwell Wool Feeder) is applied to the 
Clement machine for a feeder, one man can attend three machines, 
which, to include all expenses, will not amount to more than $2 per 
day, or 23 cents per 100 pounds of sliver made. This will amount to 
a saving of about $1.33 on each 100 pounds of cotton. 

" This estimate on the expense of ginning is based upon the usual 
practice (where gins are owned by other than the planters or cotton 
manufacturers,) where parties own gins and gin cotton on shares or 
for money. Even if $1 is saved on the hundred pounds of cotton it 
would amount to a very large saving. Take a mill with the capacity 
of the Boot Cotton Mills of Lowell, that manufacture 172,000 pounds 
of cotton per week, this would give them an additional profit of $1,720 
per week, or $89,440 per year, or 7.45 per cent, on their capital stock- 
of $1,200,000. This is as cotton is handled at present." 

In answer to enquiries as to the cost of the Clement Attachment, 
Mr. E. E. Whitefield, Sr., writes to the Planter's "Journal, stating 
that it is difficult to give the exact cost of each piece of machinery. 

" He says, however, that the cleanser of seed cotton costs $75, and 
will cleanse enough cotton for ten cards and attachments. The attach- 
ment, with feed table, chute traverse and stop motion, costs at the 
Memphis shop, $300, and the small drawing and cam motion costs 
$75. The royalty on each attachment is at present $150. • 

"A one-card mill can be driven by a seven-horse power engine, and 
requires seven operatives, all women and girls, to convert 650 to 675 
pounds of seed cotton per day into 190 to 195 pounds of yarn. 

"It is estimated that every attachment will require $5,000 invested 
in permanent machinery, houses, etc., and $5,000 for working capi- 
tal. To convert 120 bales into yarn would therefore require an outlay 
of $10,000." 

Several Clement Attachment mills will be built in Georgia this 
year. Where there is water power not needed for other purposes the 
investment is reduced. 

The Westminster (S. C.) Clement Attachment Company, composed 
of farmers, cleared last year 40 per cent, on the investment, though 
they run in great part with second-hand machinery. 



94 STATE OF GEORGIA, 



JUTE BAGGING MANUFACTURE. 

Jute bagging, being used chiefly for covering cotton, should cer- 
tainly be manufactured in the cotton States ; there are but two in 
existence in the South, one of which is at Columbus, Georgia, and 
their manufactured products command immediate sale at good prices. 
The following report of the Committee appointed by the New Orleans 
Cotton Exchange to enquire into the manufacture of jute, will be read 
with general interest : 

{Report on the Manufacture of Jute Bagging.) 

A Committee appointed by a meeting held recently at the New 
Orleans Cotton Exchange, to inquire into the manufacture of jute, 
have reported as follows : 

" Your Committee have ascertained that fifty-five thousand 
($55,000) dollars will cover the entire outfit of a jute bagging mill of 
twenty-seven looms, all of most approved machinery, and erected in 
mill building in this city. 

" The party whose estimates we have adopted, Mr. S. D. Randall, 
is a lifelong bagging manufacturer, and himself announces a desire 
to have his name put down for five thousand ($5,000) dollars of the 
capital stock, and also tenders his valuable service for superintending 
the mill, and at a very moderate salary. 

"He guarantees the product of the mill, when well underway, to 
exceed thirteen thousand (13,000) yards per day, of twelve (12) hours. 

"With an annual production of, say, only 3,900,000 yards, the 
saving of transportation charges from New York — j^c. per yard — 
would of itself yield a net profit to the mill of $24,375, as raw material, 
fuel, labor and supplies are as low, or lower, here than there. 

" If we take the present cost of two pound jute bagging in New 
York, of io^c. (lie. per yard,) we find that 100 yards would cost, 
brought here from New York, $11.37. We could buy jute rolls in 
New York, pay freight on them and deliver at 3>^c. per pound, mak- 
ing the entire cost of 100 yards manufactured by the mill here, not to 
exceed $9.12, showing a profit on 100 yards to the mill, of $2.25. 

"H. DUDLEY COLEMAN, 

" Chairman of the Committee." 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &0. 



9& 




Columbus is the fifth town in 
population in Georgia. Four rail- 
roads terminate there, and it is 
situated at the head of navigation 
of the Chattahoochee river, which 
is navigable to the Gulf of Mexico, 
a distance of four hundred miles. 
The society is refined,, hospitable 
and intelligent; the public and 
private schools being equal in effi- 
ciency to those of any town in the 
United States. The Columbus 
Female College is in a prosperous 
condition. Columbus and its sub- 
urbs was formerly the home of 
many of the wealthiest planters in 
the State. Its commercial impor- 
tance is great, being the chief 
market of Eastern Alabama and 
the surrounding counties in Geor- 
gia. 

Columbus receives about 80,000 
bales of cotton annually. Selling 
directly to merchants, the Eagle 
and Phoenix Mills, of Columbus, 
have now a trade extending from 
Eagle Pass to Richmond, Va., and 
from Fremont, Nebraska, to Mil- 
waukee, Wisconsin. 

The water-power of the Chatta- 
hoochee river alone, at Columbus, 
Ga. — the Lowell of the South — is 
unequalled as an investment for 
manufacturing cotton, all things 
considered, in the United States. 

Commencing with none in 1866, 
Columbus now operates 60,000 
spindles and 2,000 looms, besides 
many other industries. The vari- 
ous manufactories here give steady 
employment to 1,201 men, 1,160 
women, ami 280 children : total, 
2,801. We do not count the colored 
laborers. The cotton mills have 
taken from September 1st, to May 
7th, 15,618 bales; 3,000 more 
than last season. This cotton at 
present rate of low middling, would 
bring $819,945. The planters 
and merchants would get this, and 
a few others a little more, were we 
without the factories. This cotton, 
however, went through the mills. 



STATE OF GEORGIA, 




713 Looms, 20,300 Cotton Spindles, and 2,300 Woolen Spindles. 1877, 

and its value increased three-fold, brings $2,459,845, making the 
State richer $1,600,000. On some classes of finer goods manufac- 
tured here values are greatly enhanced. The last fiscal year the 
factories reported sales from their offices in the city at $1,417,722. 
This does not include a large mill outside the city, and the sales 
by agents abroad. 

Gen. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, April 9th, 1865. Gen. 
Wilson, of the United States' Army, burned at Columbus, ten days 
after the surrender of Gen. Lee's Army, in addition to all the facto- 
ries, foundries and industrial establishments, 60,000 bales of cotton, 
worth $1.22 per pound, the average weight being 500 pounds to the 
bale. The aggregate loss was over $20,000,000, and the inhabitants 
were reduced from affluence to want. The finest water power in the 
Southern States, and one of the finest on the continent, was at their 
doors. The Chattahooche River at Columbus, has 125 feet fall in a 
distance of i\ miles. This water-power at the head of the Chatta- 
hooche, was then, and is still, owned by citizens of Columbus, who 
offer it to manufacturers at exceedingly low prices. Besides the larg- 
est Iron works South of Richmond, Virginia, there are many enter- 
prising establishments, among them a mill for manufacturing Jute 
Bagging. There is but one other jute factory in the Southern States. 
Extensive plow and iron works, wood establishments, flouring mills, 
machines for the manufacture of ice,* and many other industries, all 
erected on the ashes created by war, and put in operation since 1867 
with home capital. These are the forcible arguments which Colum- 
bus presents in favor of Southern manufactures. 

For water powers and manufacturing sites address " Commissioner 
Land and Immigration," 60 East 10th Street, New York, or Atlanta, 
Ga. 

*Ice is sold in Georgia at the rate of 8 pounds for five cents, while in New York 
City it is priced at 70 cents per 100 lbs., and it has cost in New Jersey this year 
$2 per 100 lbs. Lake ice is sold in Columbus, Georgia, at 75 cents per 100 lbs. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 97 




98 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

COTTON MANUFACTURE IN GEORGIA. 

The number of spindles in the Southern States are reported as 

follows : 

States. Spindles. 

Arkansas 1,700 

Alabama 63,000 

Georgia ...213,000 

Kentucky 11,264 

Louisiana 6,200 

Mississippi . 79.000 

Maryland 113,000 

Missouri 26,000 

North Carolina 93,300 

South Carolina 92.000 

Texas .... -. 9,300 

Tennessee — 49,500 

Virginia.... -- - ---- 52,000 

Total 713,200 

It will be noted that Georgi i is f.ir ahead of any of her sister South- 
ern States and of the 213,000 spindles in operation, Columbus has 
60,000, and all put in since 1866. 

Of the population in Georgia in 1870, only 6 per cent, were en- 
gaged in manufacturing. The census of 1880 will show material pro- 
gress in this respect, for cotton manufacturing is the most profitable 
industry in the State. Of the whole population of Georgia in 1870, 
only 11,127 were foreign born, and the operatives in the factories, 
except the foremen, are natives. No negro is employed in any cotton 
factory, and "strikes" are as yet an unknown factor in the labor 
system of Georgia. The white natives learn rapidly and readily. 
Labor, being better paid in factories than in agriculture, is easily ob- 
tained, though the wages paid are less than in New England. The 
laborers, who live generally in villages with ample ground for gardens, 
and houses furnished rent free, seem healthy, contented, and cheerfuL 

The Winter is shorter and warmer, the Summer longer and cooler 
than at the North. The climate is admirable, allowing eleven hours 
of labor, daily, throughout the year, without injury. Its mildness re- 
lieves those employed of much expense for clothing, fuel and dwell- 
ings, unavoidable in more rigorous climates, while the excellence of 
the yarns and cloths produced, shows that the climate is favorable 
to the manufactuie itself. 

The fact that the increased consumption of the South in the past 
five years has been only 7,000, while the increased consumption of 
the North has been 35,400 bales, as stated by the eminent statistician 
Mr. Robert P. Porter, only proves that capital and experience are 
still at the North, not that the ultimate interests of cotton weaving 
will not be distributed mainly through the co ton belt. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 99 

It is believed by many that, if the protection to machinery intended 
for the manufacture of cotton was removed, and such machinery ad- 
mitted free of duty, the lack of capital at the South would no longer 
be a barrier, and the ultimate effect would be to move much of the 
capital now devoted to cotton manufacturing at the East to the South. 
Let the mills come to the cotton. 

No cotton mills in the East, or in Europe, can show such dividends- 
as those declared by the mills in Georgia in the past decade. In 
almost any locality in the State cotton can be gathered from the field, 
ginned at the mill, and before night of the second day, be manufac- 
tured into yarns, or, at least, into cloths; the cost of baling, bag- 
ging and ties being saved. In addition, the cotton is presented to 
the preparatory machines in a loose flocculent state, far better suited 
to the manufacture than that which has endured for months the 
violent compression necessary for economical shipment. A bale of 
cotton weighing 503 pounds, will average in the mills of Europe 
about 400 pounds of goods, and the consumer will be charged with all 
commissions, storages, freights and insurance on 20 per cent, of the 
original weights, which is useless waste; while a bale of yarn shipped 
from a Southern mill would yield the same weight to the consumer 
without any waste whatever. 

Our factories can be supplied with cotton at one cent per pound less 
than the New England factories. The two items of purchase of cot- 
ton and sale of fibres at home will give a profit of two cents per pound 
on the cotton thus consumed. 

Transportation facilities are ample. The cost of water-power, 
steam-power, building materials, fuel and subsistence is less in the 
South than in any other part of the United States where cotton can 
be manufactured. While New England has ceased to compete with 
the South in the manufacture of the coarser yarns (No. 14 and under,) 
Southern mills sell heavy sheetings at 6%c. per yard; shirtings at 
5l^c. ; 8-oz osnaburgs of fine finish at g%c. and make money. Can 
any Northern mill do this ? 

Building materials can be purchased here at half their cost in New 
England. Lumber here is ten dollars per thousand; there from $30 
to $35 per thousand. Bricks can be laid in the wall here for $10 per 
thousand; there they cost from $16 to $20. Machinery combining 
all the modern improvements can be selected. Recent improvements 
in picking, spinning, sizing and weaving machinery, will enable us to 
manufacture goods twelve and a half per cant, cheaper than old mills 
now running. 

The material to be used, can be bought here as low as in any part 
of the world ; and at a cost of ten dollars per bale less than to the 
Northern and English manufacturers. 



100 



STATE OF GEOEQIA, 



From the published estimates of the Augusta mills for the six 
months ending June, 1875, running 717 looms, they made over 20 
per cent, on $838,567.39, the cost of their factories, an average of 
$1, 169. 55 per loom. This is a large mill. Mr. Steadman, of Georgia, 
an experienced cotton manufacturer, estimates that a small mill with 
a capital of $100,000 can make, as net earnings per annum, 21^ per 
cent, on the capital invested. The following history of the largest 
cotton mill in the State, the Eagle and Phcenix, of Columbus, 
Georgia, is a striking exemplification of the statements made above. 
It disproves completely the common inference that this latitude is un- 
favorable to the production of finer fabrics, ' ' the truth being that, in 
all pioneer industries, the ruder products are made first, while the 
finer are forthcoming as the business becomes more fully developed." 

Table showing the gradual advance of the consumption of cotton 
at Columbus : 



1865-66 Rebuilding the mills. 

1866-67 80 bales. 

1867-68 566 " 

*1868-69 2,207 " 

1869-70 1,927 " 

1870-71 4,953 " 

1871-72 6,830 " 

1872-73 7,428 " 



1873-74 8,952 bales. 

1874-75 9,628 " 

1875-76 ____*12,118 " 

1876-77 10,748 " 

1877-78 12,792 " 

1878-79 _. 14,365 " 

1879-80. 19,000 " 



Mr. Wm. H. Young, the oldest and most successful manufacturer 
in the State, who is still at the head of the Eagle and Phcenix Co. 
estimates that the mills at Columbus have an advantage of one and 
nine-tenths cents per pound in the cost of raw material over their North- 
eastern competitors, and that, for a large mill of 1600 looms, this ad- 
vantage amounts to over nine per cent, on the entire capital, or 
$120,099 per annum. This is $9.3 \% per bale, estimating the annual 
consumption of this mill at 12,900 bales of 400 pounds each. These 
mills, like most of those in the South, were built when building cost 
most, and the capital of $1,250,000 represents the actual capital in- 
vested. Its earnings in 1877, a very unfavorable year, were 12 per 
cent, or $150,198.28 upon its entire capital, notwithstanding low 
prices for goods and the general business depression. This was done 
with 713 looms, 20,300 cotton spindles and 2,300 woolen spindles. 

Its past operations, especially during the five " panic years," guaran- 
tee great success in the future, when, with the same capital, its pro- 
duction is doubled. 

In regard to the class of goods manufactured by the Eagle and 
Phcenix Mills, running 45,000 spindles and 1,800 looms, and employ- 
ing 1,800 operatives, and with an annual wages account ot $400,000, 
they produce the better class of woolen and cotton fabrics which will 



Tallahassee (Ala.) Mills bought in this market. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c 101 

vie with any, no matter where made. Over one hundred varieties of 
white and colored goods are turned out — checks, ginghams, calicoes 
and others, whose names are known only to the dry goods trade. 
Their cassimeres are elegant. Besides, it is the only mill in the 
United States which makes cotton blankets — white and colored 

They use 13,000 bales of cotton per annum and 800 pounds ot 
washed wool daily. 

The following table is taken from the annual statement of the Com- 
pany on January 1st, 1880. 

The total cash put in to date by stockholders is.. $1,137,340 00 
The total amount of dividends paid by the com- 
pany from 1868 to date, is... 1,000,060 00 

Assets. 1 

The fixed investment is $1,897,418 44 

The quick capital available in sixty days 1,306,566 67 



Total $3,203,985 11 

Liabilities. 
Debts, long and short maturities.. $1,248,553 47 
Machinery notes due in 1862 182,915 00— $1,431,468 47 



Surplus as regards the public $1,772,516 64 

The great success of the Sibley Manufacturing Company at Augusta, 
the dividends 12 per cent., paid by the Langley Mills last year, 
while the Enterprise Mill paid 9 per cent., and the superb manufac- 
tories at Columbus, form the strongest arguments for the erection of 
new mills. The Legislature exempts all cotton manufactories from 
taxation for a period of nine years. There are now 42 cotton mills 
in Georgia. 




THE AUGUSTA FACTORY. 



Augusta is one of the oldest places in Georgia, having been laid 
out by General Oglethorpe in 1735. The population of Augusta was 
fifteen thousand three hundred and eighty-nine in 1870, and increased 



102 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

by 1873 to nineteen thousand eight hundred and ninety-one. Accord- 
ing to a census taken for the City Directory of 1877, the population 
of Augusta is twenty-thousand seven hundred and sixty-eight. It is 
connected with Atlanta, Athens and Macon by rail ; with Savannah 
both by rail and water; and by rail with Columbia, Charleston and 
Port Royal in South Carolina. Augusta receives about 200,000 bales 
of cotton annually. An Ice factory, manufactories of Commercial 
Fertilizers, numerous Cotton factories, Agricultural machine factories,, 
etc., etc., attest the thrift and energy of the people. About 250,000 
watermelons are shipped from this place to the North annually. 

When the changes now contemplated are complete, Augusta will 
have 80,000 spindles, and Columbus nearly as many, Georgia and 
Massachusetts, which have been widely separated in politics, will in 
time become closely affiliated in sympathy as respects industry. 



THE AUGUSTA FACTORIES. 

On the first day of July, 1858, thirteen gentlemen bought of the 
City of Augusta, the property which had belonged to the Augusta 
Manufacturing Company, for $140,000, on a credit of ten years, bear- 
ing 7 per cent, interest, payable semi-annually, and one-tenth of the 
principal to be retired annually toward this enterprise ; they contrib- 
uted $60,000, which was expended the first two years in repairs and 
improvements. The interest was promptly met, and the payment of 
the principal was anticipated by five years from the profits of the 
company. The company invested largely in real estate and new ma- 
chinery, and, by the surplus which it had accrued, increased its capi- 
tal so as to give shareholders three shares for one, and make a work- 
ing capital of $600,000. Since the war the Augusta factory has paid 
dividends amounting to 226 per cent, on its capital of $600,000, or 
$1,356,000 in cash, and the corporation now owns property worth 
$1,000,000. The factory has now 24,200 spindles and 800 looms 
making plain goods (sheetings and drills) from Nos. 12 and 14 yarns. 
The capital stock is $600,000. The gross earnings of this mill from 
June, 1877 to June, 1878, was $130,447.77, less expense on account 
of taxes, water-rates, interest, general expense, and insurance of 
$56,878. They paid four quarterly dividends of two per cent., 
amounting to $48,000, and carried to profit and loss account, $25,- 
469.77. The gross earnings amounted to 12 24-100 per cent, of the 
capital stock. The factory is five stories high, about four hundred 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 103 

and eighty-eight feet in length, and fifty-two feet in width. It has 
never paid less than eight per cent. The annual report for the last 
year shows the gross earnings for the year to have been $157,471, and 
the balance credited to profit and loss account was $318, 198. The 
"bonded debt was reduced $22,000. The capital stock is $600,000, 
and bonds are issued to the amount of $153,000. The total assets 
amount to $1,080,240, of which $850,418 includes mills, machinery 
and real estate. The goods manufactured during the year were : 
6,393,284 yards 4-4 sheetings, 2,617,448 yards 4-8 sheetings, 2,608,680 
yards 3-4 sheetings, 2,326,983 yards 36-in. drills, and 1,315,096 yards 
37-in. drills; a total of 15,161,491 yards, weighing 4,727,591 lbs. 
The average number of looms running was 784, and the average 
number of hands employed 676. Four dividends were paid in the 
year, aggregating $120,000. 

Consider the question of cotton, suggests an Augusta paper, as above 
presented in connection with the Augusta mill of 24,200 spindles and 
its $600,000 capital. In the year 1878 they consumed 11,819 bales 
of cotton, the average weight being 456 lbs. per bale. Upon the basis of 
an assumed saving of seven dollars per bale, this mill realized the 
sum of $82,733, or about 63^ per cent, of their gross earnings. If 
they had been deprived of this item of saving, they would have failed 
of the net profit of 12 24, 100 per cent, and have incurred a loss of 
$9,264, which condition would compare favorably with some of our 
Northern mills during that memorable year. 

The Langley Manufacturing Company was organized March 21st, 
1870, with a capital of $300,000, which was paid in during the year, 
and put 6,400 spindles in operation. The following March the 
capital was increased to $400,000, and 3,200 spindles were added, the 
last payment being made December, 1871, so that the mill, with 
9,600 spindles and 300 looms, got in operation in March, 1872, with 
its entire capital expended. The earnings for the next five years, 
say 1872 to 1876 inclusive, amounted to $318,833.64, less paid out 
for interest, $25,107.80, making the net earnings for five years, 
$293,725.84 Since 1876 there has been each year a small balance 
to the credit of interest, and the net earnings in 1877 were $37,215.48; 
net earnings in 1878, $45,000.64; net earnings in 1879, $81,277.31, 
making the net earnings for eight years, $457,218.27, on a capital of 
$400 000. Leaving out the item of interest which was incurred by 
the mill commencing business without commerci;\l capital, and the 
real earnings for eight years were over $480,000, or an average of 
15 per cent, a year on the capital, and the property is in better con- 
dition to day than when it commenced running, and now works 329 
looms and 10.880 spindles. These figures are given as examples to 
show how well manufacturing pays in our section. 



104 STATE OF GEOKGIA, 

EXEMPTION FROM TAXATION. 

In 1872, the Legislature of Georgia passed an Act to encourage the 
manufacture of cotton and woolen fabrics in the State of Georgia, bjr 
which Act it was declared that "Any mill or mills within said State, 
for the manufacture of fabrics out of cotton or wool, or both, whether 
such investment be applied in the establishment of a new factory or 
in the extension or enlargement of a now existing factory, shall be 
exempt from taxation for State, County and Municipal purposes, on 
the capital so invested, and on any property purchased or erected 
therewith, intended for and necessary to such manufacture, for the 
term of ten years from and after the laying of the foundation of the 
mills so to be erected." 



COTTON MANUFACTURE IN GEORGIA AND NEW 
ENGLAND COMPARED. 

(From the Augusta, Georgia, Constitutionalist). 

Some time ago Gov. Shaw, of New Hampshire, published an 
elaborate argument in the Northern papers, to prove that the manu- 
facture of cotton could be carried on much cheaper and better in New 
England than in the South. In an Augusta paper, we find, however,, 
an absolute, positive and specific overthrow of his position in toto and 
detail. Such experienced manufacturers as Messrs Cogin, of the 
Augusta factory, Hickman, of the Graniteville, and Sibley, of the 
Langley, have been interviewed by an enterprising person on the 
Chronicle, who elicits the following pleasant information : 

Reporter. — " You have doubtless noticed, Mr. Cogin, what has 
been said lately in regard to Southern and Northern manufactories ? 
What is your experience in regard to the relative advantages of the 
North and South, for the location of cotton manufactories ? 

Mr. Cogin. — " There is no question but that the South possesses 
vastly superior advantages in many ways. We have one of the best 
climates in the world. The atmosphere has just the proper humidity 
for manufacturing purposes. Now, at the North, the air becomes so> 
dry that steam has to be introduced into the weaving room to dampen 
the atmosphere, so as to prevent the threads from breaking. We 
never have any such trouble as that here. 

"Again, the mills often have to stop because the water-courses are 
frozen up. This never happens at the South, and we can therefore 
run uninterruptedly. We can get plenty of excellent white labor; 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 105 

in fact, it is much better than that which the Northern mills now have. 
It is equal to the ' Yankee ' labor the Northern mills used to have, 
but which they don't get now. We can make more yards of cloth 
per loom than they can, running the same number of hours as they 
do, and we can, therefore, afford to sell it cheaper. Our water-power 
is plentiful, and cheaper on the average than at the North. They 
can't begin to compete with us while they have to use steam. 

" It cost less than $6 per horse-power here for water, while at Fall 
River, where steam is used, the cost is $12. It wouldn't pay the 
Augusta factory, for instance, to use steam instead of water, if all the 
necessary fuel were put down at the factory free. The operatives in 
the Augusta factory work eleven hours a day. There is a superabund- 
ance of white labor lure, and we never have had a machine stopped 
for the want of help during the nineteen years I have been with the 
Augusta factory. If we were to start a mill of the same size of ours 
to-day, we would have sufficient skilled labor in two weeks to run it." 

In all the country, North or South, there has been no more success- 
ful enterprise than the Graniteville factory, under the management 
of Mr. H. H. Hickman, as President. What he said, therefore, must 
necessarily have much weight. 

"In reference to cotton manufactories, Mr. Hickman on the sub- 
ject said there could be no comparison between the North and 
the South. The South will eventually drive the North out of the 
market in brown goods, sheetings and shirtings. It is practically 
doing it now. The North is building no new mills for the manu- 
facture of these goods. When Northern mills were compelled 
to sell their goods at cost, he could sell at a fair profit. He had no 
commissions to pay agents to buy cotton, as Northern mills, be- 
cause he bought it himself; more than half of it right at the mill. 
Getting the cotton right here, he had, of course, no freight to pay, as 
was the case with Northern mills, and he was satisfied that he could 
buy cotton to better advantage than the agents of those mills ; in fact, 
he was assured that he made half a cent a pound in this way. He 
could get plenty of white labor, and cheaper than Northern mills 
could. ^His operatives could live for one-half the expense of those at 
the North. The latter used four times as much fuel, at twice the 
price per cord, while provisions were as cheap here as in Massachu- 
setts. To sum up then : First, labor is cheaper ; second, the opera- 
tives can live cheaper ; third, he has no commissions to pay ior buy- 
ing cotton; fourth, he has no freight to pay on cotton; fifth, the 
larger proportion of goods are sold without paying commissions, and 
sixth, he could run his mill all the year. The Graniteville mill has not 
stopped two weeks in eleven years on account of water or weather. He 
finds sale for eighty per cent, of his products at home. He has sold 
sixty thousand dollars worth of goods to Knoxville, Tennessee, alone, 
in one year. He will build a new mill with the surplus of the Gran- 
iteville Company, without calling on the stockholders for a dollar, 
and he will be able to run it at three-fourths the expense in propor- 
tion to its size, that it cost to run Graniteville, because it is a modern 
mill with all modern improvements. He gets lumber at $6.00 per 
thousand feet, and bricks at $8.25 per thousand." 



106 STATE OF GEORGIA, 

Mr. Sibley, President of the Langley Mills, says : 

"That Africa and South America and the United States, have 
awarded the contract for sheeting needed for the Indian supplies, to 
the Langley Standard Sheeting made in this vicinity for some time. 
This contract was let out in New York, and the goods delivered there, 
thus competing successfully with New England." In regard to the 
labor, he says: "As to labor, I have been President of the Langley 
Manufacturing Company since 1870, and have had no difficulty in 
getting as good and reliable white labor as there is in New England, 
and who cheerfully work eleven hours per day, and could obtain 
more if we had any use for them; and many of them are Southern 
born, and have learned their trade in our own mill." He challenges 
any mill in New England to show as great a production of goods per 
loom and yarn per spindle, (on the same style of goods), or a cheaper 
cost of manufacturing. He concludes by saying that "the South has 
the best climate for manufacturing, the water power, the cotton, the 
men and women necessary to successful manufacturing. She lacks 
the capital, but, notwithstanding that, she has competed successfully 
with New England, in the manufacture of brown sheetings, shirtings 
and drills, both for the home and foreign trade." 

NOTES ON COTTON MANUFACTURING. 

Thirty-four factories in Georgia are exempt from taxation. They 
own property worth $4,138,875. 

In Georgia there are to-day 213,157 cotton spindles in operation, 
and of them Columbus claims 60,000. The Eagle and Phoenix Mills 
of that city alone operate 44,000, about 20,000 more than are opera- 
ted by any other one factory in the State. 

Athens has in its immediate vicinity 2,994 horse powers in the 
streams near that city, of which only 395 horse powers are utilized. 
The Georgia Factory uses the largest amount, 125 horse powers, and 
bas a reserve of 275. 

Cotton goods manufactured in the South, are now selling in New 
England. Manufactories of cotton goods are springing up where new 
mills are exempt from taxation for ten years. Houses are built by the 
mill owners, and free rent and the use of a garden plot are the condi- 
tions of service. 

Factory stocks have all advanced at Augusta. Graniteville is now 
quoted 145 bid, 150 asked, and Augusta and Langley 148 bid, 150 
asked. 

Four hundred workmen are at work on the new Sibley Mills at 
Augusta, Georgia. The pay roll amounts to $2,000 a week. It will 
have 24,000 spindles and will disburse annually among its operatives 
$175, co'. It will use about eight thousand bales of cotton yearly, 
and yield a product of not less than $1,000,000, or over $3,000 daily. 
The building of such a mill will add several thousand persons to 
population from the industrial walks of life, whose various wants must 
be supplied here. The price of every horse-power supplied by the 
canal, has been fixed at the reasonable sum of $5.50 per annum. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 107 

The stockholders of the Graniteville (Ga.,) Factory held their 
annual meeting Thursday last. The Vaucluse Factory has been 
built without a dollar's cost to the stockholders. It is one of the finest 
factories in the South for fine class fabrics. It has 10,000 spindles, 
and cost $347,000. The statement of the operations of the year of the 
Graniteville Mills, show that the profits are $127,774.67. The Vau- 
cluse Mills profits are $66,800.16. The total profits are $194,574.83. 
The expenditures of both mills were $51,045.82. The profits, less 
expenditures, equal the total net profits. Dividends paid 18,000. 
Carry to profits and loss the balance making net profits, the amount 
credited profit and loss, $125,649.76. The mills produced 16,164,079 
yards, consuming 13,000 bales. 

It has been suggested that it will be well for cotton mills to turn 
their attention to the manufacture of cotton canvas. Not a yard of 
this canvas is now made South of Baltimore, and vessels trading 
with Southern ports would buy from Southern Mills. 

NOTE. — The Comptroller-General's report for 1880 is liable to mislead the 
uninformed. This report states that cotton manufacturing has decreased in one 
year $1,132,673. The Columbus factories reported to the city council for taxa- 
tion their sales for 1878 at $891,135, and for 1879 at $1,397,722. This increase 
of half a million does not include the sales of the 4,000 spindle mill located three 
miles above the city. A similar result is shown in Augusta, where there are 
44,000 spindles. Columbus has 60,000 spindles. The apparent decrease is due 
to a change in the form of the returns. Previous to 1876 the assessors obtained 
the capital stock of mills and reported them ; also business. Now the law re- 
quires them to report real estate, machinery, notes, accounts, and other data, the 
same as other business. " Cotton manufactures " embraces only the returns of 
machinery, which is taxable, and the State Constitution exempts both new mills 
and machinery from taxation. Much that comes under the caption of merchan- 
dise, personal property, and other entries of 1879, were credited to "cotton 
manufactures " in 1878. 



THE AUGUSTA CANAL. 

The following description of the Augusta Canal is taken from 
Derry's Georgia : 

" Its dimensions and capacity are as follows : Length of main canal, 
ox fust level, seven miles; and including second and third levels, nine 
miles. Minimum water-way, one hundred and fifty feet at surface, 
one hundred and six feet at bottom, and eleven feet deep, making an 
area of cross-section of fourteen hundred and eight square feet. The 
bulkhead, locks, dam, and other structures are composed of stone- 
masonry formed of granite rock laid up in hydraulic cement mortar, 
and are of the most substantial character. The area of openings for 
the supply of the canal amounts to fourteen hundred and sixty-three 
square feet, and the entire waters of the Savannah River are made 
available for maintaining the supply. There are about two hundred 
and seventy-five acres of reservoirs, exclusive of the canal proper and 
the pond above the bulkhead dam. There is a bottom grade or de- 



108 



STATE OF GEORGIA, 




scent in the main canal of one hundredth of a foot in one hundred 
feet, giving a theoretical mean velocity of 2$fa feet per second, or a 
mechanical effect under the minimum fall, between the first and t/iira 
levels, or between the first level and the Savannah River, below Kae s 
Creek, of upwards of fourteen thousand horse-powers, not including 
available supply from the surface of the reservoirs. Of this immense 
power but nineteen hundred horse-powers are contracted lor, leaving, 
at least twelve thousand horse-powers to be disposed of." 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 109 




FOUNTAIN IN FORSYTH PARK, SAVANNAH. 



Savannah has been appropriately called the " Forest City," The 
city is filled with little parks, each ornamented with a fountain, a 
monument or mound. In one is the marble obelisk to General 
Nathaniel Greene; in another, the memory of brave Sergeant Jasper 
of Revolutionary fame is perpetuated; while in Monterey Square 
stands the elegant monument in honor of Count Pulaski who was 
killed while fighting for American liberty, on the 9th of October, 
1779. The shade trees are chiefly the growth of the forest. The 
fountain in Forsyth Park is modelled after one in the Place de la 
Concorde, in Paris. 

The walks are prettily arranged and covered with shell. Bonaven- 
ture Cemetry, three miles from the city, is one of the loveliest spots in 
the country ; long avenues arched by the branches of great live oak 



110 STATE OP GEORGIA 

trees from which an immense quantity of gray moss sweeps, adding 
much to the solemnity of the place. Bonaventure derives its name 
from the original tract of which it formed a part, and which was settled 
about 1670 by Colonel John Mulrayne. 

The streets of Savannah are broad, shaded by great water-oaks and 
other indigenous trees that are green the year round. 

This city is situated on the river of the same name, eighteen miles 
from the sea, with a capacious and well protected harbor, with from 
seventeen to twenty-one feet of water at high and low tide. Improve- 
ments are now being made in the river with a view to obtaining depth 
sufficient for any vessel. 

Savannah has a population of from 30,000 to 32,000 inhabitants. 
It is the second largest cotton port in the United States, while its 
shipments of rice, lumber and naval stores are immense. 

The city has ample transportation facilities ; the Savannah and 
Charleston Railroad connecting Charleston and the North ; the Cen- 
tral (Georgia,) to Augusta, Atlanta and the Northwest, while the 
Savannah, Florida and Western Railway connects with the growing 
sections of South Georgia and the whole State of Florida. The fine 
steamships of the Ocean Steamship Company make semi-weekly trips 
to New York, while Philadelphia, Baltimore and Boston are connected 
by weekly lines of steamships of great capacity and elegant accommo- 
dations. 

Especial attention has been given to its sanitary condition. 



BRUNSWICK. 

Brunswick, the terminus of the Macon and Brunswick Railroad, is 
one of the oldest towns in the State. The harbor is equal to any on 
the Atlantic coast, and it is the hope and belief of the citizens that 
the port will at no distant day assume the prominence to which it 
is justly entitled. 

THE SEA ISLANDS. 

The Sea Islands of Georgia yield the celebrated " sea island cot- 
ton " which is worth much more in the markets than the upland or 
"long staple" cotton. Cumberland and St. Simon's Islands are es- 
pecially noted. 

Olives are successfully cultivated, and oil made from the olives 
grown on St. Simon's Island has been pronounced by competent 
judges not inferior to the best productions of France or Spain. The 
oil crop from these islands is annually sold at from $6 to $8 per gal- 
lon. 

The scuppernong grave thrives well. The soil and climate of the 
islands are peculiarly adapted to its perfect development. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, Ac. Ill 

TIMBER AND VALUABLE WOODS. 

NORTHERN AND MIDDLE GEORGIA. 

The walnut, cedar and white oak timber of Northern and Middle 
Georgia is exceedingly valuable. Cedar 4x4x12 feet long is worth in 
the Baltimore market $1.25 a cubic foot, or 20c. per foot. Cedar can be 
handled as yet in Baltimore only in a small way, but the New York 
and Philadelphia markets offer better inducements to the trade. Sale 
for walnut logs 20 inches or more in diameter, and 12, 14, or 16 feet 
long, is readily found in the Baltimore market at prices ranging from 
$50 to $60 per thousand feet. Quantities of walnut timber obtained 
in Southwest Virginia, East Tennessee and Kentucky, are being 
shipped to England by agents employed by British Cabinet makers. 

The time is not far distant, it is to be hoped, when we will cease to 
burn these valuable woods, in order to make new '.' clearings" for 
field crops. We should cease also, in a measure, to ship timber suit- 
able for furniture, wagons and farm utensils to the North, and ship 
them back in the form of manufactured articles in daily use, thus 
paying freights twice and commissions four times. The cost of trans- 
porting pine lumber to Baltimore is 87.50 per thousand feet. 

The Geological Museum at Atlanta contains specimens of 130 
varieties of indigenous woods, and there are upwards of 100 others that 
are not embraced in'the collection. The bottom lands all over the 
State are well supplied with white oak and kindred woods. 

A rich reward awaits the manufacturer of ch;ap furniture and 
household utensils in Georgia. Beds, tables, buckets, broom-hand- 
les, axe-helves, wheel-spokes, etc., etc., may be sold to the laboring 
classes with great profit to the manufacturer and saving to the laborer. 
It is very probable that skilled and experienced workmen, who will 
stand at the lathe and work, themselves, can easily find landholders 
who will invest part of the capital required, and sell on time as much 
land as may be wanted, in order that the mechanic so employed may 
have his home and add to its value whenever the opportunity offers. 
A land owner having 500 acres well timbered, can thus afford to sell 
100 acres at $5 per acre, rather than at $10 per acre to the ordinary 
unskilled laborer. 

Iowa walnut logs are now being shipped to England. The timber 
is bought in the tree by a Liverpool agent, and is cut down and hewn 
square. The ends are then painted to prevent cracking from expos- 
ure to the weather. The logs are shipped to Liverpool to supply the 
cabinet makers of Great Britain. 

Of the great demand in England for black walnut timber for furni- 
ture purposes, the Des Moines (Iowa) State Register says : 

" The lumber dealers of England are making a grand raid on Iowa 
and all the black walnut States, and are fast taking from us all that 



STATE OF GEOBGIA, 

we have left of that timber. The havoc of timber in Ohio and Indi- 
ana — the settlers there spending nearly a hundred years in steadily 
destroying the woods with which they found the surface covered, 
girdling and killing the great forests one year and burning them the 
next — is one of the queer things in American history as it is now 
looked at." 

The above is very suggestive to the people of Georgia. 



LUMBER. 

{From the Baltimore Market J ournal, April 3d, 1880.) 
These quotations represent prices at which lumber can be sold by 
ihe cargo. 

Yellow Pine. 

Yirginiaand Maryland, 3-4 box $ 8.00 @ 10.00 

5-8 " " 6.00® 7.00 

4-4 Virginia flooring, dry and clear 14. 00 @ 15. 00 

4-4 " rough, best 11.00 @ 12.00 

4-4 " stained, not dry 9.00 @ 10.00 

Small Joists, Virginia 10.00 @ 11.00 

Large " " 11.00 @ 12.00 

3x4 Scantling 10.00 @ 11.00 

Georgia and Florida timbers, re-sawed, bills 

cut to order.. 22.00 @ 25.00 

Eiver Flooring .. 12,00 @ 15.00 

Southern Siding and Edge Boards. 14.00 @ 16.00 

"White Pine. 

Michigan and Wisconsin — 1st, 2d and 3d 

clear, 4-4 445.00 @ 47.00 

1st, 2d and 3d -5-4, 6-4 and 8-4 46.00® 48.00 

Edge Culling.. .. 17.00® 18.00 

Stock Culling.. 18.50 @ 19.00 

White Pine, Susquehanna 

Selects and better 42.00@47.00 

Selects and Picks .. 35.00 @40.00 

4-4 Boards, good run of log 22. 50 @ 25. 00 

4-4 Stock Barn, 12 inches 21.00® 

4-4 Edge Samples ... 16.50 @ 17.00 

4-4 Stock do. 12inch 17.00® 18.00 

5-4, 6-4 and 8-4 run of log 22.00 ® 24.00 

4-4 Edge Cullings . 18.00® 19.00 

4-4 Stock do. 12 inch. 19.00® 21,00 

Hemlock Fencing, 16 feet, 1x6 13.00® 

.2x3, 2x4, 16 feet.' 13.00® 

Walnut. 
Walnut, Indiana, # wide, 7 or 14 feet, 1st 

and good 2d, Coffin Stuff $65.00® 70.00 

do. do. f wide, 1st and good 2d Cabinet Stuff 50.00 @ 62.50 
4-4 wide, strictly 1st and 2ds, thoroughly dry 70.00 @ 75.00 

5-4 and upwards 70.00® 80.00 

Scantling, 4-4 and 4-5 70.00 @ 75.00 

Newel Stuff, all prime, 8 to 16 feet long, 6-6, 
7-7, 8-8, 9-0 and 10-10, dry 1st and good 

2ds 75.00 @ 85,00 

Culls, half-price 



•WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 113 

Cypress Lumber. 

Boards, 1x6-16 feet, clear.. $18.00 @ 20.00 

1x6-16 feet, fencing 12.00@12.50 

1x12 to 18 inches, 16 feet clear.... 18.00 @ 22.00 

Boards, rough, wide 10.00 @ 12.00 

Poplar. 

Poplar, £ West Virginia $16.00 @ 19.00 

" 4-4. 22.00@25.00 

" Thick 25.00@30.00 

" | Indiana.. 22.00 @ 25.00 

" 4-4 " 27.00@ 30.00 

and upwards 30.00 ® 32.50 

Cherry. 
1 to 5 inches thick, as wide as possible $40.00 @, 50.00 

Ash. 
Ohio and Indiana, tough white, 1 to 5 in. 
thick, wide, and, if possible, 15 feet 

long, (culls half price) ..$32.50 @ 40.00 

Pennsylvania and West Virginia 30.00 @ 35.00 

North Carolina, 1 to 5 inch Plank 18.00 @ 22.00 

Balusters, N. C, 2 and 2-fc inches 20.00 @ 25.00 

Hickory. 
Good White and Tough Hickory, 1 to 3 

inches thick 40.00 @ 50.00 

Cypress Shingles. 

Hearts, strictly ISTo. 1 $6.50 @ 7.00 

" seconds good 4.75 @ 6.00 

" Saps as in quality 3.50 @ 5.00 

Barrel Staves. 

WTiite Oak, heavy, 34 in. long, 4£ to 6 in. 

wide, H in. to 2 in. on heart.. 20 @ 22 

do. light, 4 in. long, 4i to G in wide, 1 to H 

iu. on heart 16.00 @ 18.00 

Red Oak, heavy, 35 in. long, 4£ to 6 in. wide, 

l±tol£in. on heart 12.00 @ 15.00 

do. light, 33 in. long, 4 J- to 6 in. wide, f to 1 

in. onheart 9.00 @ 12.00 

Western White Oak Staves. 
Barrel, heavv, 34 in. long, 4 to 6 in. wide, 1J 

in. onheart 24.00@ 

do. light, 34 in. long, 4 to 6 iu. wide, 1 in. 

thick, on heart 20.00 @ 22.00 

Heading, 22 in. long, 8 to 12 iu. wide. l£ in. 

onheart 20.00 @ 25.00 

Pipe, light, 54 in. loner, 4+ to 6 in wide, 1£ to 

1£ in. on heart. . 60.00 @ 75.00 

do. heavy, 56 in. long, 4^ to 6 in. wide, 1 in. 

on heart 85. 00 @100. 00 

do. extra heavy, 60 in. long, 4£ to 6 in. wide, 

2in. heart .125.00 @150. 00 

do. extra heavy, 66 to 72 in. lone, 5 to 8 in. 

wide, 2 in. on heart . 175.00 @225.00 



114 STATE OF GEOEGIA, 

Bucked Staves. 

White Oak, 34 to 35 in. long, fin $15.00® 16.00 

" " " " " fin 18.00® 21.00 

Machine Flour Barrel 7.50 @ 8.50' 

H*eading, soft and hard 4.50® 6.00 

Laths. 

"White Pine 4 ft. Laths, dry $2.20® 2.25 

Spruce " , 1.90® 2.00 

Wood Hoops. 
Hogsheads, shaved, 14 ft. long, 1J to 1% in. 

at small end .$18.00 @ 20.00 

Tight Barrel, 8 to 8i ft. long, 1 in. at small 

end -.. 8.00® 9.00' 

Flour Barrel, hickory, 6£ to 7 ft. long, f in. 

at small end 3.50® 4.50 

Poles, Hogsheads, 14 ft. long, l£ to 2 in. at 

small end 30.00 @ 40.00 

Poles, Tight Barrels, 7i to 8 ft. long, 1 to 1£ 

in. at small end 12.00 @ 15.00 



FREIGHTS. 

{From the Savannah {Ga.) News, March 12, 1880.) 

Lumber — By Sail. — To Baltimore and Chesapeake ports, 
$5.50@6 00; to Philadelphia, $6.00@6.50; New York and 
Sound ports, $6.50@7.00; to Boston and eastward, $6.50 
@7.60; to St. John, N B., $8.00; [Timber from $1.00 to 
1.50 higher than lumber rates]; to the West Indies and 
windward, $7.00@8.00; to South America, $17.00; to 
Spanish ports, $14.00@15 to United Kingdom, for orders, 
timber 33@34s., lumber £5 5s@£5 10s. From 50c. to $1.00 
additional is paid here for change of loading port. 

Natal Stores — Sail. — Rosin and spirits, 3s. 3d.@5s. 
to United Kingdom or Continent; to New York. 35@40c. 
on rosin, 60c. on spirits. Steam. — To New York, rosin, 
30c, spirits 80c. ; to Philadelphia, rosin, 40c, spirits. 80c.;, 
to Boston, rosia 40c, spirits, 90c 



TIMBER AND NAVAL STORES, 

SOUTHERN - GEORGIA. 

It is stated that within 60 to 70 years past the forests of the Eastern 
States have disappeared, and that they have been consumed by a 
population less dense than that which is draining the present supply. 
The census report of 1870 stated the annual production of lumber to 
be 12,000,000,000 feet. A standard statistical work then estimated 
the country's total supply of standing pine, spruce and hemlock tim- 
ber, suitable for lumber, at 100,000,000,000 feet. It is probable, if 
the present rate of consumption continues, that all of the territory of 
Canada, and of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, will 
be practically denuded of merchantable timber, except that in the 
Southern, Atlantic and Gulf States. Georgia, from its geographical 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 115 

situation and transportation facilities, offers better inducements to in- 
vestors than any of the Atlantic or Gulf States. The price of lumber 
in Wisconsin, April 17, 1880, was $4.25 more per thousand feet than 
at same date in 1879, which indicates a rapidly increasing demand. 
Michigan saws more than 3,000,000,000 feet per annum. The pine- 
ries of the Northwest are already beginning to show signs of exhaustion;, 
the annual consumption now being estimated at 13,000,000,000 feet. 
Inferior white pine lands, bought seven years ago in Pennsylvania, at 
$2.50 per acre, have been sold this year for $18 to $19 per acre. 
Michigan lands have also advanced several hundred per cent. Penn- 
sylvania is almost denuded of exportable timber. "Texas, New Mexico, 
Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, Eastern Montana, 
Illinois, Iowa, the west half of Missouri, Minnesota west of the Missis- 
sippi, and Southern Wisconsin, are chiefly prairie lands and are 
almost treeless territory. This vast Western country, with Ohio and 
Indiana, is largely dependent on the small amount of pine in Michi- 
gan, Northern Wisconsin, and Northeastern Minnesota. Ten years 
will probably exhaust all that Michigan can supply." 

The shipment and sales from the lumber districts of the United 
States, this year, are greatly in excess of any previous year since 
1872. There are more than 20,000 square miles of forest land, con- 
taining exportable timber, in Southern Georgia. Lands which would 
sell, if they were located in Canada, Michigan, or Pennsylvania, at 
$10 to $15 per acre, I am authorized to offer at from $1.50 to $3.00 
per acre. They are distant only 150 miles from the coast, and rafta- 
ble streams abound. The South is the only part of the Union of 
which it can be said pine lands are as cheap as they were fifty years 
ago. Immigration and the foreign demand will soon change the 
present low prices, and bring thrift and wealth to present landholders. 

These facts are given in order to call the immediate attention of 
turpentine men, capitalists, and lumber-men to the great section 
through which the Macon and Brunswick, and Savannah, Florida and 
Western Railroads run. Thousands upon thousands of acres, within 
easy distance of these great avenues, can now be bought at prices 
which will yield many hundred per cent, in the near future. 

From information derived from reliable sources, we estimate the 
amount of timber and lumber marketed in Georgia in the year 1880, 
to be 300,000,000 feet, worth probably $5,000,000 or more. The 
following figures are from nine representative lumber merchants in 
Georgia, and are taken collectively, in order to suggest the present 
status of this important industry : 

Total number of feet cut per day, 338,000 ; total number of feet 
cut per year, 65,000,000; total number of acres exhausted per year,. 
60 000 ; total number of hands employed 1,135. 



_I6 STATE OP GEORGIA, 

It is estimated that the annual product of Georgia in the rosin ana 
turpentine trade is 200,000 barrels of turpentine and 300,000 barrels 
of rosin, which would give to the State of Georgia alone for this one 
industry $3,000,000 — nearly half as much as was produced by the 
whole country in 1876. The Albany (Ga.) News makes the follow- 
ing interesting statement : Below we give a few figures obtained from 
twelve representative turpentine men in Georgia — the total amount of 
capacity, yield, acres under cultivation, the number of distilleries and 
stills, with the number of hands employed, this recapitulation being 
only submitted in order to give an insight into this great industry in 
our midst: Total number of crops, 325; number of acres, 76,000; 
number of boxes, 3,340,000; yield per year, $459,000; hands em- 
ployed, 820; distilleries, 20; stills, 17. 



TIMBER AND LUMBER EXPORTS, 1877. 

Savannah ...- 51,281,972 

Darien ..74,106,152 

St. Mary's 18,116,000 

Brunswick.... 19,092,410 

Total 162,596,534 

During the year 1877 there were 75,000,000 feet of timber down; 
in 1878 there were 54,000,000 ; in 1879 there were 50,500,000. Since 
the 1st of January of this year there have been 40,000,000 feet in 
market, divided up as follows: January, 5,066,000; February, 
13,644,473; March, 7,356,713; April, 11,214,000; May, up to date, 
2,700,000. The total value of the timber received so far this year, 
amounts to about $580,000 ; total value of timber arrived since Janu- 
ary 1st, 1877, about $2,634,000. 

The following are the quotations of the timber market, published 
in the Darien Gazette: Square, 600 average, $7.5o@8.oo; 700 aver- 
age, $8.oo@9.50; 800 average, $9.5o@io.5o; 900 average, $10.50® 
11.50; 1,000 average, $uoo@i2.oo; 1,100 average, $i2.oo@i3.5o; 
1,200 average, $i2.oo@i4.oo. Scab, 300 average, $7.oo@8.oo; 400 
average, $8.oo@9.oo; 500 average, $9.oo@io 50 ; 600 average, 

$IO.OO@II.OO. 

Lumber men are rapidly buying up all the available land lying next 
to the railroad, and land is appreciating in value. They consume only 
the large trees and then offer the land on very favorable terms to set- 
tlers. Especial inducements will be offered to colonies, for it is best 
that immigrants shall have congenial society of their own selection 
from the time that they settle in a strange land. They will be cor- 
dially welcomed, and will soon cease to feel as strangers. 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c 111 

The Georgia Land and Lumber Company has invested $80,000 in 
the finest saw-mill on the coast, at St. Simon's Island, the timber 
supply for which must come from these lands. Settlers, while pre- 
paring homes and farms, probably can obtain work. 

The rivers continue in fine rafting condition except for a time dur- 
ing the Summer. At Darien, during the months of June, July, 
August, and sometimes in September, the river is quite low, and but 
little timber is floated down. At no time in the Summer is the river 
so low that a few rafts cannot come down. 

The following letters are here inserted, in order to give a descrip- 
tion of the lands in this part of Georgia. The Georgia Land and 
Lumber Co. own 300,000 acres, and, hence, a description of their 
property is applicable to the whole section of country comprised in 
the " Wire Grass " counties of Georgia, except that lying near 
swamps. 

Mr. Hebard, an expert of* fifteen years' experience, now managing 
the largest saw-mill in the United States (1870,) after visiting the 
property, says : 

" I never saw land better adapted for lumbering, or more tempting 
for settlement. It rolls as prettily as the prairies of Illinois without 
their unhealthiness, and the whole of it is accessible at all times of the 
year for the log-wagons and mules used in getting out the timber. 
For many years you can contract for the delivery on the cars of ship- 
ping and mill timber at from $2.50 to $4.00 per 1,000 feet, and with 
your anticipated freight contract with the railroad company, can de- 
liver at Brunswick, alongside vessel, for $5 additional, say $8 to $10 
on board. Timber can from thence be delivered in New York and 
Philadelphia for $8. 

This is confirmed by Mr. Leighton, a veteran explorer, who has 
explored more land in Maine, Michigan, Georgia and Canada, than 
any other man in the United States, whose report is herewith an 
nexed. 

"Saginaw, Mich., October, 1869. 
"A. G. P. DODGE, Esq., 

"Pres't Georgia Land and Lumber Co. 
"Dear Sir: 

"These lands, situated in the counties of Laurens, Pulaski, Telfair 
and Montgomery, in the State of Georgia, are centrally distant about 
125 miles from the port of Darien, on the sea-coast, are from 250 to 
to 500 feet above tide water, and lie between the Oconee and Ocmul- 
gee rivers, both of which are navigable for steamboats above the whole 
property. The method of examination adopted by me was to visit 
each of the lots owned by the Company, to select an average acre 
from the lot, to measure all the trees upon it large enough to cut, 
and thus determine, with as much accuracy as possible, the quantity 
of lumber that could be manufactured from each lot. I also carefully 
noted the direction and volume of the streams, and the distance that 
logs would have to be hauled to them. The extreme distance to nav 



118 . STATE OF GEORGIA, 

igable or driving points does not exceed 2)4. to 3 miles, while the 
average haul is less than 1% miles. The expense of opening the 
streams not cleared I estimate to be from $50 to $100 per mile. 

"This timber may be classed as follows: say 6,000 feet shipping 
and sawing timber, and the balance, 4,000 feet, as suitable for rail- 
road ties, small spars, etc. The quality of the timber is unusually 
good, being sound, straight, and fine grained, as trees cut upon the 
land indicated, while some are unusually large; I have frequently 
found trees of 3, 4, and even 5 feet in diameter, and from 70 to 80 
feet high to the first branches. The timber is of the valuable kind 
known as the long-leaf yellow pine. There being no other growth 
than the pine, the forest is open, and the ground being dry, no 
expense is necessary to open roads for hauling purposes. These 
lands are intersected by seven creeks, all of which, with some of their 
tributaries, are large enough to be available for all purposes of run- 
ning or driving logs and long timber into the Altamaha and to tide 
water. The Macon & Brunswick Railroad runs through and near 
the center of these lands, for a distance of 40 miles, thus giving addi- 
tional facilities for getting their products to market. The ground is 
covered with a natural grass, upon which cattle thrive throughout the 
year without other food. The water is good and the climate very- 
desirable. 

"In conclusion, permit me to say that — the timber standing being 
unusually large in quantity and fine in quality, the streams large 
enough for driving purposes, the haul shorter than common, and no 
expense necessary for opening roads — the facilities for getting out 
the timber upon these lands are unusual, and much superior to those 
of any other tract of land that has ever come under my observation. 
"Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

"John Leighton." 

"New York, March 23, 1870. 
" Mr. John Leighton has, during the past twenty years, been fre- 
quently engaged by us in the examination and estimating of pine tim- 
ber lands, and is now, at this writing, examining a large tract for us. 
"We have always placed great confidence in his reports and esti- 
mates, and have made extensive purchases predicted on them, and 
have never had occasion to regret acting on his reports. In most 
cases the result has been that, he has rather under than over estimated. 
He has been for over thirty years engaged in selecting, locating, sur- 
veying and estimating timber lands, and few men in the United 
States have had more experience or commanded more entire confi- 
dence from his employer than Mr. Leighton. 

" Very respectfully 

"Phelps, Dodge & Co." 

It is safe to say that it will not cost more to put this land in a con- 
dition ready for crops than the prairie land of the West, while there 
may be left standing a sufficient amount of timber to supply all the 
needs of the farm for a life time. In this connection we will explain 
the mode of " clearing land" in vogue in Georgia, as many may not 
understand how land can be cultivated unless all the trees are cut down 
and taken away. In Southern Georgia where no " undergrowth "' 
exist, the large pines are killed with the axe by Cutting around the 
trunk until a complete circle is made through the sap. The time re- 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 119 

•qUrred for this is, perhaps, five minutes to each tree, and the tree 
dies gradually; so that, after one season, the growth of the plants cul- 
tivated is not affected by the dead tree. 

The " tap root " of the pine is very deep, the lateral roots being 
small in comparison to trees that, like the oak, are sustained chiefly 
by the lateral roots. The larger roots near the surface are cut, and, 
with the undergrowth, (where undergrowth exists, as is the case in 
every other part of the State,) are burned. The ashes fertilize the soil. 

This wasteful destruction of humus — for the grass is also burned 
before the land is cultivated — should not be permitted except in cases 
of necessity. 

Lumber and the material for building, are cheaper here than in any 
part of the United States, as the following prices will show. 

First class "dressed " lumber, about $10.00 per thousand feet. 

Second class " " " 5.00 " " 

Brick for Chimneys, etc., etc $6.00 to $8.00 per thousand. 

Cost of '"framing " a house $8.00 per thousand feet. 

" " "flooring" " 1.00 " square. 

" " " weatherboarding " a house.. 1.00 " " 
" " " shingling " a house 1.50 " " 

A cottage of three or four rooms of good size, will cost from $ioo 
to $200 It is advised that each colony of immigrants include a car- 
penter and build their own houses. The houses will be built for them 
if they will send plans and specifications, when estimates of cost will 
be furnished them. The immigrant will be required to pay cash for 
such buildings, but they can easily build their own dwellings. They 
are offered a title in fee simple to land at a less price than tenants in 
Europe are required to pay annually for land that is no better. 

The Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad, and the Macon and 
Brunswick Railroad, have developed this timber region, and the ac- 
companying d agram will show tie most available territory for this 
business: 

Glrard-iTColumbuS /> V&\? S S^ S^°^/W* 

m^ \ j£®$jdL v ^*s> e^V /star* % 




120 



STATE OF GEORGIA, 



The Savannah, Florida & Western Railroad is the shortest and 
most direct route to Southern and Southwestern Georgia. Its main 
line extends from Savannah, Ga., to Bainbridge, Ga., on the Flint 
River, two hundred and thirty-seven miles. The Albany division ex- 
tends from Thomasville, Ga., to Albany, Ga., fifty-eight miles. The 
Florida division extends from DuPont, Ga., to Live Oak, Florida,, 
forty-eight miles ; making a total of three hundred and forty-three 
miles under its management. 



CONNECTIONS. 

Through cars from Savannah to Bainbridge, connecting with 
steamers for all points on the Flint, Chattahoochee and Apalachicola. 
rivers. 

Through cars from Savannah to Albany, connecting with through 
trains on Southwestern division Central Railroad of Georgia to Macon, 
Atlanta, Eufaula, and via Montgomery and Eufaula Railroad to Mont- 
gomery, Ala. , New Orleans and Louisville. 

Through trains via Main Line and Florida Division via Live Oak, 
connecting with trains on Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Rail- 
road and Florida Central Railroad for Jacksonville, Fla., without 
change ; connecting at Jacksonville with steamers for St. Augustine, 
Palatka, Sanford, Mellonville, Enterprise, and all points on the 
St. Johns and Oclawha rivers ; at Baldwin with trains on the Atlan- 
tic, Gulf and West India Company's Railway for Fernandina, 
Gainesville, Cedar Keys, Tampa, Manatee, Key West, etc.; at Live 
Oak with Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad for Madison, 
Monticello, Tallahassee and all points in Middle Florida. 

Elegant Pullman Sleeping Cars daily between Savannah and 
Thomasvill •, Albany, etc. 

Elegant Steamships ply regularly between Savannah and New 
York, Savannah and Boston, Savannah and Philadelphia, and Savan- 
nah and Baltimore, making quick and prompt connection with the 
railroads that termniate at Savannah. In Through Freights their 
facilities are unsurpassed. 

Local freight and passenger rates in Georgia are governed by the 
State Railroad Commission. 

Shipments of Naval Stores for the past eight years from line of 
Savannah, Florida and Western Railway, have been : 





1872. 


1873. 


1874. 


1875. 


1876. 


1877. 


1878. 


1879. 


Sp'ts Turp'ntine 


1,416 
354 


15,464 
3,649 


23,500 
5,200 


39,819 
9,130 


65,854 
13,974 


95,592 
20,452 


126,961 
26,517 


129,970 
24,751 


Total 


1,770 


18,113 


28,700 


48,949 


79,828 


116,044 


153,478 


154.72L 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 121 

The Macon & Brunswick Railroad was completed in 1879, and 
forms the shortest main line from the West and Southwest to the 
coast of Georgia. It is predicted that it will be one of the most im- 
portant and prosperous railroads in the South. 

The Macon & Brunswick Railroad possesses unsurpassed facilities as 
a Through Passenger Route from Chicago, Cincinnati, St. Louis, 
Louisville and other Western cities to this section of the South and 
Florida. Through tickets are on sale at all principal ticket offices, 
and Through Pullman Palace Cars are run both from Chicago and 
Cincinnati, v a Nashville, Chattanooga, Atlanta, Macon and Jessup, 
to Jacksonville, Florida. 

In Through Freights, they have the low rates of the " Green Line," 
a well known association, and a first-class steamship line from Bruns- 
wick to New York. There are also good facilities for shipping by- 
regular sailing packets from Brunswick. These roads are also parties 
in rates, to what is kno-vn as the " Florida Dispatch Line." This is 
a very fast freight line, mostly used for vegetables and fruits, which 
are carried in ventilated cars built specially for the purpose, and the 
cars of which go by passenger trains, or on passenger train schedules. 
The rates of freight by same are exceedingly low ; in many instances 
merely nominal. It reaches to Chicago, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Indi- 
anapolis, Louisville, Nashville and other Western cities ; and by At- 
lanta, Dalton and Charlotte to other large cities. The Southern 
Express also has its line over this route. The road, further, has good 
and full shipping facilities with Savannah, via Jessup. 



METALS AND MINERALS OF GEORGIA. 

(From the Report of Dr. Geo. Little, State Geologist.) 
Copper. — This metal exists in large quantities in the counties of 
Fannin, Towns, Cherokee, Paulding, Haralson, Carroll, Green and 
Fulton. Fannin county mines are an extension of the celebrated 
Ducktown veins in the State of Tennessee, and are considered 
equally rich in that metal. 

IRON. — Iron ores, either hematite, limonite, or fossiliferous, are 
abundant throughout the Northern part of the State, and are found to a 
considerable extent in the counties of Harris and Talbot, in Middle 
Georgia, and in Burke of the Southern division. In the counties of 
Dade, Walker, and Chattooga, it lies side by side with large deposits 
of coal, thus affording ample facilities for smelting. In Bartow County 
we find the best brown hematite, which, in combination with manga- 
nese, also abundant in that section, forms that beautiful, mirror-like 
iron, called by the Germans Spiegeleism. The brown hematite is 
also abundant in Polk County. At the date of the last report, there 
were in the State 20 iron foundries, with a producing capacity of 300 
tons per day, or 100,000 tons of pig-iron per annum, worth at the 
market price of $20 per ton, $2,ooo ; ooo. 

Coal —The discoveries of this mineral have been confined to the 
three counties of the extreme Northwest, to wit : Dade, Walker and 
Chattooga. The supply, though, is so abundant and accessible that 
it bids fair to be permanent, both for fuel and for mechanical uses. 
One of these mines yield 300 tons per day. Railroads, with connec- 



122 STATE OP GEORGIA, 

tions leading to all points, have been constructed to the mouths of 
these mines. A superior article of coke is also prepared on the spot, 
and shipped to the smelting furnaces of this State and Tennessee. 

Slate, admirably adapted to roofing, exists in large quantities and 
at points accessible. At Rockmart, Polk County, immense shipments 
are made annually to the various cities and towns of Georgia and the 
adjoining State. A railroad connection with the main trunk runs 
directly to the quarries. 

Limestone. — Immense beds exist throughout all the Northwestern 
counties, and there is a fair distribution of it in nearly every section 
of the State. At Kingston, Bartow County, Mr. G. H. Waring is 
largely engaged in the manufacture of Hydraulic Cement, an article 
that has come into extensive use, and has won a deserved popularity. 

Marble. — This mineral exists in exhaustless quantities and of 
many varieties. It varies in quality from the fine statuary to the 
coarse-grained used for building. The black marble is found at Tun- 
nel Hill, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad ; the red at Dalton ; 
the pink at Varr.ell's Station, on the East Tennessee and Georgia Rail- 
road, and in Whitfield County. The white, of best quality and in 
immense supply, near Jasper, Pickens County, on the line of the Mari- 
etta and North Georgia Railroad, now in course of construction ; also 
at Buchanan, in Haralson County, and at Van Wert, Polk County. 

Serpentine, of fine quality and very beautiful, has been recently 
found in Rabun County. 

GRANITE and GNESIS, or the best quality for building, abound in 
the Northern and Middle divisions of the State, and are convenient to 
transportation. 

Buhr rock, from which the best mill-stones are cut, exists, in large 
quantities, in Burke County ; also in Stewart, Decatur and other parts 
of the Tertiary formation. 

Asbestus abounds in most of the Northern counties, and is being 
mined in the vicinity of Atlanta, Fulton County. Large quantities are 
regularly shipped to the Northern States, and there worked up in the 
manufacture of iron safes, fire-proof paints and roofing, lamp wicks, 
and, to some extent, into cloth. It is being mined with much success, 
the shipments readily commanding $50.00 per ton. 

Calcareous Marls, or marls composed of shells and other secre- 
tions of marine animals, are found in immense beds, in many sec- 
tions of the State, and in localities where they can be readily utilized 
for fertilizing purposes. All these deposits exist in the Southern half 
of the State, or below an elevation of 300 feet above the ocean. It 
exists in greatest quantities in the Chattahoochee River. 

Clay. — Kaoline, of the finest quality, for the manufacture of por- 
celain ware, and in the preparation of wall paper, and for other pur- 
poses, exists in large and convenient strata in Baldwin and Washing- 
ton Counties, near the centre of the State, and in Cherokee, Pickens 
and Union, in the North. Another variety of white clay, suitable for 
the manufacture of fire-brick, furnace-lining and water-pipes, is also 
found in Washington and Baldwin Counties, and a large deposit of 
the same in Richmond. The gray clay used in making pottery, etc., 
abounds in many counties in the Southeastern portion of the State. 
Red and yellow clays, suitable for building brick, are found in nearly 
every county in the State, and in most of them without limit as to 
.quantity. 



MAFOFTHE 

DAHlONEGA DISTRICT, 




WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, <ftc. 123 

GOLD MINING IN GEORGIA. 

When, in 1799, l ar g e lumps of gold were found in Georgia, one 
weighing 28 pounds, exploration was begun, and early in this century 
the rush to the mines resembled that to California in 1849. In 1830 
the State adopted the Indians'* territory and all, and formed Cherokee 
County, from which many counties have since been made. Hundreds 
of thousands of dollars have, been lost there, and millions made since 
that date. Hydraulic mining, as conducted in Georgia, is familiar to 
the reader, probably, but the ease with which the ore is mined, the 
facility with which it can be sent to market, the cheapness of labor, 
nearness of timber and water courses, healthfulness, and the ease with 
which provisions may be procured in Georgia, are not appreciated. 
Dr. George Little, the State geologist, describes the situation in 
Georgia as follows: 

" It is penetrated by first-class railways, and by short, reliable hack 
lines. Every part of it is convenient and accessible to cities. Invalids 
resort there for health. Labor is cheap and plentiful. In California 
and Arizona it is necessary to transport ore from fifty to three hun- 
dred miles ; here, transportation is close at hand. 

'' The greatest advantage, however is, that most of the ore in North 
Georgia is partly decomposed, and is worked with great facility ; 
where you would have to blast the quartz in California, you can work 
it with a pick and shovel ; consequently ore that is much poorer than 
California ore can be mined here at a profit, while there it would in- 
volve a loss. Besides the above advantages it is very rich, as rich as 
any ore to be found anywhere." 

The following map has been compiled from the latest official sur- 
veys and the most authentic sources. It is published by Messrs. 
Trask & Francis, bankers, 70 Broadway, New York, whose Pocket 
Mining Atlas has given general satisfaction. 

Even those who know the value of the Dahlonega region, in White, 
Lumpkin and Habersham Counties, are ignorant of the fact that some 
of the most valuable mines are not in this particular belt. The gold 
region is much more extensive in Georgia than is popularly supposed. 
Among the most valuable is probably that known as the "King's 
Mount Gold Mine," in Hart County, Georgia. This mine is within 
four miles of the Air Line R. R., is nine miles from Hartsville, the 
county seat, and thirty-two miles from Athens, Georgia. 

The mining property embraces about 502 acres, of which 150 are 
under cultivation, the rest being heavily timbered. 

The estate controls a portion of the water course of the Maria Creek. 
There are two distinct, continuous veins, according to the report of 
Mr. F. C. Kropff, of Philadelphia, geologist and mining engineer, that 
are well defined, productive, and of an advantageous working size. 
The quartz upon the west vein, at the depth of forty feet, returned, 
by an assay made by Mr. Kropff, $4.85 per one hundred pounds, 
while from the average run of the ore taken from this vein out of 
sump (sixty feet) an analysis made by Dr. Genth, of Philadelphia, 
gave $3.60 per one hundred pounds, or $71.91 per ton. 

Several bushels from the ore-heap out of the fifty-six foot level were 
reduced by the machinery at the mine, and yielded about two penny- 
weights to the bushel ($1.92). Mr. Kropff estimated that the total 

* There are no Indians in. Georgia now. 



124 STATE OF GEOHGlA, 

expenditure for one bushel of one hundred pounds from the miners 1 
hands to tailrace of mill house, amounts to nine and one-half cents, 
or $1.90 per ton. 

After expending about $45,000 for machinery, etc., this mine was 
abandoned in i860 by the owners, who reside at the North. The 
machinery was destroyed during the war; some of the owners have 
died, and the estate is now in the market. 

ACCORDING TO ' 

THE OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 

The gold belt of Georgia is about 100 miles in breadth, with barren 
intervals here and there. It lies Northeast and Southwest across 
the entire Northern and part of the Eastern section of the State. It 
extends through a large number of counties. But few mines have 
been developed in Columbia and Lincoln Counties, but they are 
claimed to be among the richest in the State. A vein near Goshen, 
in the latter county, is said to be yielding at the present time $1,000 
per month, at a cost of but $115. While many very rich and profita- 
ble mines have been opened in the lower portion of the belt, the 
greater proportion of the mining has been done in the Northern or 
mountainous section, especially in the counties of Lumpkin, White 
Union, Dawson and Cherokee. 

" The gold occurs under three distinct conditions : First, as sand 
(dust), or pebble (nuggets), forming integral portions of the deposits 
of sand and gravel along the streams, which sometimes extend as 
high as 100 feet or more above the stream levels. Second, as grains, 
string or masses, forming integral portions of extensive beds of schists, 
which are sometimes accompanied by layers of quartz of greater or 
less thickness, and are sometimes destitute of the least particle of 
quartz. Third, as a part of the whole of the mineral contents of 
quartz veins. 

" The quartz veins vary in thickness from a few inches to ten feet 
or more, and have seldom been worked below the water level, from 
want of capital to purchase the necessary machinery. The ore, when 
obtained from the veins, is pounded in mills run by water-power, and 
generally varies from $5.00 to $50.00 per ton, the cost of handling 
being about 50 cents per ton. There are, however, many instances 
where the yield has been as high as $60, and even as high as $100 
per ton. The business is making steady progress in all the mining 
districts, and we have returns to date of 34 mills with 537 stamps now 
in operation, though there are doubtless others not yet brought to 
our knowledge. The stamps are of hardened iron, and, in weight, 
range from 350 to 750 pounds. They reduce, each, from one to two 
tons per day of twelve hours, the quantity depending upon the weight 
of the stamp and the hardness of the ore. These mills are located 
chiefly in Lumpkin and White Counties." 

Since the above description was penned by Dr. Little, many and 
valuable improvements have been made, and the most skeptical ob- 
server can see abundant evidence of the permanency and value of the 
mines in this great gold belt. 

Messrs. Barlow & Co. have put an additional twenty stamps in the 
mill attached to the Pigeon Roost Mine, making forty in all in opera- 
tions on this justly celebrated and well-known mine. The yield has 
been very satisfactory to the present owners. 



WHAT IT OFFEES TO IMMIGEANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 125 




{From the Report of the State Geologist). 

The Hand Canal is about 26 miles in length. The water is taken 
from Yahoola Creek, at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains. It is 
six feet in width at the water line, and four feet in depth ; has a fall of 
five inches to the 100 feet, and velocity of 30 cubic feet to the second 
at low water. At Dahlonega it has an elevation of 220 feet above the 
Yahoola at this point, and at Findley's Mine a few miles below, it is 
300 feet above the level of the Yahoola, which at this point has so en- 
larged as to be a river. The reader will form some idea of the power 
when he contemplates this large body of water foaming along the 
mountain sides, and ready to be tapped and sent in a resistless torrent, 
into the vast depths below. Owing to the rugged nature of the 



126 STATE OP GEORGIA, 

country over which the canal passes, it frequently becomes necessary 
to conduct this volume of water across immense chasms in order to 
keep it in its course. This is done by means of large pipes, which are 
laid down one mountain side, across the valley, and up the opposite 
elevation, until it reaches the desired height, and is discharged into a 
new section of the canal. There is a pipe near Dahlonega 2, coo feet 
in length and three feet in diameter. It is made of boiler-iron strong 
enough to bear the immense pressure. There are also on the line of 
the canal 7,500 feet of wooden tubing, of a like diameter, and secured 
by strong iron bands. Between Dahlonega- and the Pigeon Roost 
mines — the present terminus of the canal — there is another iron tube 
2,400 feet in length, and 22 inches in diameter. 

The modes of utilizing this water in the operations for gold are 
various. It is the motive power of the mills where the stamping and 
washing are done. It serves to carry the ores and gold-bearing earth 
from the mines to the mills, thus saving the greater part of the cost 
of transportation. It is also largely used in an operation called 
" sluicing," where it is turned loose upon the hill-sides and of its own 
gravity bears away several feet of the surface earth. For the same 
purpose a hose and nine inch pipe is sometimes used, and its power 
in uprooting trees, bearing down mountains and filling up valleys, is 
truly wonderful. Often the full force of the canal is turned into a vein 
containing a day's work of the ore and its rich surroundings, and the 
whole mass sent roaring down the mountain-side into the mill some 
thousands of feet below. Immense boulders of quartz are sent whirl- 
ing like so many chips or leaves. This operation not only tears away 
the earth to the depth of several feet, but at the same time exposes 
every vein of ore and prepares it for the pick. Every mill is prepared 
with a receptacle for these washings, from which the water having 
been drained off, the ores, gravel and sand are shoved into the troughs 
and pounded into powder by the immense iron stamps. The pounded 
contents are then carried by a stream of water over a copper surface, 
upon which there is a coating of quicksilver, with which the fine par- 
ticles of gold form a mechanical union, and from which they are sub- 
sueqently liberated by the application of heat, the amalgam having 
been first scraped from the copper sheets and deposited in a crucible. 
This is the usual process ; there are others, but as they differ only in 
details, it is unnecessary to mention them. 

The Hand Canal is not only used by the mining company who con- 
structed it, but by all the miners on the line, at a moderate rental 
paid to the proprietors. It is said that in this and other improve' 
ments, the Hand Company has invested upwards of a quarter of a 
million dollars. 

The hills on both sides of the Yahoola River are gold bearing, and 
the ore is very rich. The river furnishes ample water power to work 
the mines. Some fifty or sixty additional stamps are to be placed on 
the Singleton mining property, all of which will have work day and 
night for many years on ore that cannot fail to pay a big profit on the 
investment. 

A correspondent of the Mining Record thus described a few mining 
properties : 

'"The Findley mine, since the new machinery has been put in 
place, is running smoothly along on full time. A hydraulic pipe has 



WHAT IT OFEEES TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 127 



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been attached to the reservoir on the hill and helps materially to 
break down the masses of ore and slate in the hill, and most signally 
lessens the labor of getting ore into the mill. 

" The Griscomb mill is now preparing to add a pump to throw 
water on the hill into a reservoir, and from this a hydraulic pipe will 
be used to break down the ore and slate, and flood it into an ore yard 
near the mill." * 

It is manifest to every miner that all the streams cutting this gold 
belt are rich in many places, and if properly worked, will pay a hand- 
some profit to those engaged in the enterprise. 



128 STATE OP GEOBGUA.. 

NOTES ON GOLD MINING IN GEORGIA. 

{From the Atlanta Constitution. 
The Gold Field. 

"Atlanta, Ga., April 15th. 

" Additional advices from the gold field in Nacoochee Valley show 
richer results than before reported. A solid nugget was found on 
Monday, weighing 440 pennyweights, without flaw or gravel. Two 
hands pieked up 900 pennyweights in one day. With their ordinary 
washing-pans and a little stream of water, the total cost of all being 
$5°-75> they took out in nuggets, in four and a half days, 730 penny- 
weights in gold, worth over $700. In one day they took out $389 
worth. In about fifteen days work they have taken out $1,259, an d 
the yield grows richer the further they go. They have worked up so 
far, a space of only sixteen feet square. The vein is about 100 feet 
wide, and has been tested for two miles." 

The following gold items we take from the Gainesville Eagle : 

" Mr. Will Logan, of White County, was in the city Wednesday, 
and had with him a nugget of gold taken from the Richardson mine 
on Saturday, weighing sixty-five pennyweights. We learn that there 
is no falling off in the yield of this mine." 

In summing up the mineral sources of Georgia, we assert that they 
are not surpassed by any State in the Union. We have gold rivalling 
that of California, iron far surpassing that of Pennsylvania, and coal 
underneath 175 miles of our territory, equal to all our wants. We 
have copper equal to that of Tennessee, and more easily mined than 
that used in Michigan. We have manganese five times richer than 
that used in the Terre Noire Works, France, worth $400 per ton ; and 
finally, our slate is superior to that in the Lehigh Valley. The min- 
eral wealth imbedded in the mountains and soils of Georgia is of 
inestimable value. 



VALUABLE MINERALS IN GEORGIA. 

Gold is found in 56 counties ; Copper, in 13 counties ; Asbestus, in 
12 counties; Manganese, in 4 counties; Slate, in 3 counties; Iron, 
in 43 counties ; Mica, in 6 counties ; Diamonds, precious stones, 
gems, etc., in 26 counties. Diamonds are found in Hall and White 
Counties ; Opal in Bulloch and Washington Counties ; Galena, in 7 
counties ; Silver, in 3 counties ; Graphite, in 9 counties ; Kaolin, in 5 
counties; Fire Clay, in 3 counties; Limestone, in 31 counties; Buhr- 
stone, in 27 counties ; Marl, in 29 counties ; Green Sand, in 4 coun^ 
ties ; Marble, in 9 counties ; Gilmer has it white and variegated ; 
Walker, black marble. Coal, in 3 counties ; Baryta, in 2 counties ; 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 12a 

Serpentine, in 8 counties; Soapstone, in 23 counties; Granite, in"48 
counties, in sufficient quantities to be quarried and used for building 
purposes. Standstone, in 9 counties ; Lithographic Stone is found in 
Walker County. Polishing Sandstone, in 3 counties. Muck, for 
agricultural purposes, is found in Charlton, Clinch and Wade Coun- 
ties. 

There are a number of other minerals found in different counties. 
There are a number of others not yet examined by the State Geolo- 
gist. When there has been a thorough examination of the State, 
and a map for each county made and marked off, a person can 
tell at a glance of the eye what minerals each county possesses, and 
where to find them. 



ARE IMMIGRANTS WANTED IN GEORGIA ? 

To this question the reader is referred to the pamphlet entitled 
" Georgia," is issued by the State Department of Agriculture. This 
pamphlet contains letters from every part of Georgia, written by 
settlers of Northern and foreign birth, affirming that there is no social 
ostracism or political inequality in Georgia, and that immigrants are 
cordially welcomed. The following letters will be read with interest 
by those who contemplate settling in Georgia : 

" Hyde Park, Lackawanna County, Pa. 
" Francis Fontaine, Commissioner, etc., 60 East 10th St., N. Y. 
"Dear Sir: 

" I have read with interest your letter on sheep husbandry in Geor- 
gia, as given in the New York Atlas, and would like to learn some- 
thing more definite about land in Georgia, where located, terms on 
which it can be bought, title, character of the land and locality, and 
of the people as well, together with any items of interest to one who 
would wish to settle there. 

" I was with Sherman's army in Georgia as far as Atlanta, and 
have recommended to my friends ever since the war to look at the 
land in the South before going West, as I believe the South has many 
advantages over the West to offer to settlers, provided the people are 
disposed to live in harmony, but the belief is pretty general in the 
North that the Southern people still feel bitter toward the Northern 
men, and would make it very unpleasant to live among them. I think 
that I could live among them without trouble, but what I want is to 
satisfy others, so that we can organize a colony of emigrants to buy a 
tract of land and make homes for a number of families. If you have 
papers that will give the desired information, or if you think proper 
to write, I will do what I can to distribute the information among 
working men. t Respectfully yours, 

•'Charles Corless." 



180 



STATE OP QEORGIA, 




WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &o. 131 

A PROSPEROUS NORTHERN SETTLEMENT. 

"Madison, Ga., February 16, 1880. 
" Editors Chronicle and Constitutionalist : 

"You will find enclosed a letter, descriptive of the agricultural at- 
tractions of our section, written by F. C. Foster, of our city. It is 
not generally known, although it is true, that Morgan County, more 
than any other county of its size in Georgia, except such as may con- 
tain a large city, has succeeded in inducing immigration. I suppose 
not less than half a million dollars of money have been invested in 
property in our county by Northern settlers. Our example might in- 
terest and stimulate other counties where your paper circulates, and 
for this reason I submit the enclosed letter for publication. 

"Respectfully, 

H. W. Baldwin." 



"Madison, Ga., January 19, 1880: 

"Dear Sir: — It has long been my desire that the people of the 
North should know something of this section, hence I will avail my- 
self with much pleasure of your kind invitation to use your columns, 
only regretting that an abler pen should not have been called upon 
to describe this county and this people. 

" I shall attempt nothing but a plain statement of facts, which are 
verified by the endorsements attached of men of intelligence and 
character, who have moved from the North, and settled here since 
the war. 

" This county (Morgan) is one of the central counties of the State — 
in the very heart of Middle Georgia. Topography, gently undula- 
ting, abundantly watered with branches, creeks and rivers. A splen- 
did red clay subsoil, originally covered with grand forests of oak, 
pine and hickory, large tracts of which are still in their pristine fer- 
tility, not unequal to any other portion of this great continent. Seven 
hundred and sixty feet above the sea, with a climate unsurpassed on 
earth, a generous soil adapted to the growth of corn, cotton, wheat, 
oats and all other small grain, the finest grasses growing spontane- 
ously during the greater part of the year. A superabundance of 
clear, pure free-stone water — the creeks and rivers dashing over shoals 
furnish a boundless supply of water-power. There is andean be no 
good reason why all the various industries and enterprises which go 
to make a country prosperous and the citizens happy and contented, 
should not flourish here. There is one cotton factory in the county 
run by water power, which has been in operation continuously for the 
past ten or fifteen years. It is owned by a company composed, as I 
am informed, of a very few members ; and while it is fifteen miles 
from the nearest railway depot, the fact that none of its stock is or 
has been for years on the market, is an evidence of its prosperity. 
Others might be constructed with even more water-power within two 
miles of the trunk line of the Georgia Railroad. 

"The population of the county is between 10,000 and 12,000, 
among which quite a number of Northern settlers who have purchased 
land since the war and engaged in farming, fruit culture, cattle and 
sheep raising. Some of the settlers inform me that the Bermuda 
grass, which grows luxuriantly without any culture or attention what- 



.32 STATE OF GEOKGIA, 

ever, is a finer grass for hay or pasturage than any they have ever 
seen. 

Madison, the county seat, is a healthful little city of 3,000 souls, 
situated on the Georgia Railroad, 78 miles fnpm Atlanta, and 104 
miles from Augusta In this little city there are four churches for 
whites - Baptist, Methodist, Episcopal and Presbyterian — and two 
colored churches -Baptist and Methodist. A female seminary and 
well organized male academ , besides schools for smaller children 
under competent and experienced teachers, flourish in our midst. 

"In this connection it may not be amiss to state that Georgia is far 
in advance of any other Southern State in her efforts in behalf ot 
popular education. 

" The relations existing between the Northern settlers who came 
here since the war, and the natives, are of the most cordial and social 
character. Recognizing the fact that they are citizens of one common 
country, they live together in perfect harmony, rendering mutual aid 
and assistance to each other. Some of these settlers the writer num-| 
bers among his warm personal friends. As an evidence of how they 
are received in our m.dst, 1 will state that one of them, Mr. E. Heyser, 
without in the least seeking the office, was elected by the people to 
the honorable and responsible office of Clerk of the Superior Court, 
which office he now fills with credit to himself and to the perfect satis- 
faction of his fellow citizens. Another, Mr. John H. Morgan, has 
been twice elected by the grand jury of the county into the board of 
county commissioners, where he, as its chairman, has faithfully and 
honorably served, in connection with his colleagues, in looking after 
the county business and managing its finances Both of these gentle- 
men, I am informed, are, in national politics,. Republicans, but their 
political principles had nothing whatever to do with their election to 
the offices now filled by them. 

" The people are intelligent and law abiding, and the honorable 
men whose names are attached to the endorsements hereto will all 
bear testimony to the fact that any man, of whatever country, of 
whatever religious or political caste,, can come here and proclaim his 
sentiments, principles and political opinions as free as air, without let 
or hindrance, and that no- maa has or ever will be interfered with in 
the enjoyment of any of his rights or privileges as a citizen. But on 
the contrary, a cordial invitation is, extended, and a cordial welcome 
will be given to any one wishing to settle here, and cast his lot with ours. 

" If any of your readers should desire information concerning this 
section, I or any gentlemen whose names are appended will cheer- 
fully answer any communication addressed to either one of us. 

"Thanking you for the use of your columns, and your uniform 
kindness to me, I am yours truly, 

"F. C. Foster." 



" I carefully endorse the statement stated by Mr. F. C. Foster. I 
have traveled over most of the United States, and will candidly say 
that I prefer this section to any other. I came here from Western 
New York, five years ago, and myself and family are highly pleased 
with the hospitality and kindness extended to the Northern emi- 
grants, while the climate is all. that can be desired, and combined 
with the great variety of fruits that can be raised, in connection with 
good water, and being healthy, with quick running streams, makes it 
all that heart can wish. " H. C. Adgate." 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 133 

" Having carefully examined the above article setting forth the ag- 
ricultural, climatic, educational and other advantages of Morgan 
County, Georgia, I fully endorse every statement made in said article 
by the Hon. F. C. Foster, as true and correct. After a residence in 
this county for seven years, I have no desire to return to the place of 
my nativity in Eastern Pennsylvania. 

"Allen Heyser." 



" I am a native of Scotland; came to Philadelphia in 1868; re- 
moved to this county in 187 1. I endorse every statement made in 
letter of Mr. F. C. Foster, and I intend to live here the balance of my 
life, being better pleased with this county than any I have ever seen. 

"James W. McMillan." 



"I came to Morgan County, Ga., in 1876, from Evansburg, Pa. I 
endorse the statement made in Mr. Foster's letter to the fullest extent. 

"E. HEYSER, Clerk Superior Court." 

"Madison. Ga., January 19, 1880. 
"I came to Madison from Paterson, N. J., in 1870; in 1877 mar- 
ried into a Southern family. Do most cheerfully endorse the article 
of F. C. Foster, and assert that I am delighted with the people, the 
climate and the State. 

"A. K. Akerman." 



" I came from Poughkeepsie, N. Y., to Morgan County, Ga., in 
^874. Purchased land here, and am now engaged in grain raising 
and fruit culture. Have lived in San Francisco, and consider this the 
best country and blest with best climate I have ever known. I endorse 
Mr. Foster's letter in the very fullest extent. 

"E. D. Mulford." 



"We came to Morgan County, Ga., from Wyoming County, N.Y., 
in 187 1. Purchased land here, and are now engaged in farming. This 
is a fine grain and grass country ; magnificent climate. Our relations 
with the natives are of the most cordial character. We would not re- 
turn to the farm left by us in New York if it were given to us. We 
are Republicans in politics. 

"J. M. Griggs, 
"P. M. Griggs." 



"I came to Morgan County, Ga., from Columbia County, N. Y., 
January, 1866. Purchased land and am now growing grain, cotton, 
raising Angora goats, fattening cattle. I have fifteen apiaries, from 
which I extracted last year between 4,000 and 5,000 pounds of honey; 
I have twenty orchards, raising as fine peaches as are growing on 
earth, and in great abundance from June to the middle of October; 
there is no better grape country. Too much could be hardly said of 
Bermuda grass for hay and pasturage, and it grows luxuriantly with- 
out any attention. I have always been treated as kindly and hospi- 
tally by the natives as if I was born and raised here. I am Republican 
in politics to the backbone. 

" Reuben Miller." 



134 STATE OF GEORGIA. 

" Below I send you a list of settlers who came to this country since 
the war. Most of them are free holders and all are citizens. 
". Yours, truly, 

"F. C. Foster." 



"John H. Morgan, A. B. Daniels, J M. Daniels, of Wisconsin \ 
Reuben Miller, Wm. Washburn. C. P. Kirley, Wm. Smith, Mrs. 
Wm. H. Crawford, Samuel N. Copeland, Albert J. Howell, John M. 
Howell, J. L. Howell, Wm. H. Hills, Jasper M. Griggs, Philip M. 
Griggs. J. A. Valance, John M. Boughton, J Webster, James 
Boughton, Wm. Cole, Martin Clark, H. C. Adgate, Frank Hensler, 
Mrs. M. Bloss, E. D. Mulford, Charles Reed, of New York State; 
J. M. Roseneranz, S. O. Wilson, John M. Van Winkle, Q. Waathy 
Van Winkle, John G. Ackerman, of New Jersey ; A. Houseman, J. 
Howe, J. M. Alister, John Hey&er, Allen Heyser, Emanuel Heyser, 
of Pennsylvania; James H. Ainslie, Alex. Monro, John Huff, Mrs. 
H. Ames, William Tibbald, of Ohio ; Jacob Haag, George Haag, of 
Germany; James W. McMillan, Scotland; P. B. Woodward, of 
Connecticut. 

State of Georgia, \ . 
Morgan County. $ 

" I, Emanuel Heyser, Clerk of the Superior Court, in and for said 
county, do hereby certify that the above and foregoing comprise a 
list of persons who have moved into said county since the close of the 
late war, and that the above named are now residing in said county, 
most of whom are heads of families and have purchased lands. 
" Given under my hand and seal of? 
Court, this January 20, 1880, £ 

"E. Heyser, 

" Clerk, S. C." 



GENERAL ADVICE.— HOW TO GO TO GEORGIA. 

The immigrant who is absolutely destitute, and who intends to be- 
come a laborer on a farm, for hire, should not come to Georgia un- 
less arrangements have already been made for his employment. If 
he has enough money to pay his transportation, which will cost about 
twelve ($12) dollars from New York City to any part of the State, and 
enough money to maintain himself until employed is secured, he 
need not hesitate. The people desire that the immigrant shall pros- 
per, and shall become the owner of the soil he cultivates. It must be 
borne in mind that nearly all the colored population are agricultural 
laborers, and hence the demand for farm laborers is not great at 
present. Mechanics and skilled laborers will probably get remunera- 
tive employment immediately, but all should have some money to 
begin life in their new homes with. This will insure independence 
while seeking to locate one's self. The immigrant who desires to 



WHAT IT OFFERS TO IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS, &c. 135 

settle in Southern Georgia should purchase a through ticket via 
Savannah, Ga., by the Georgia Central Steamship Line — cost of 
steerage passage, $10 — or via Charleston, S. C, by the New York & 
Charleston Steamship Line. The officials at Castle Garden will 
direct him how to procure tickets and check baggage to its destina- 
tion. No other agents, except the accredited agent of the Commis- 
sioner of Land and Immigration of Georgia should be listened to, or 
the agents ot the railroad and steamship lines. The immigrant re- 
ferred to above will easily find ihe steamship and railroad offices ot 
the lines leading to Georgia by enquiry at Castle Garden. In no 
case seould tickets for Georgia be bought in Castle Garden, for no 
authority from any railroad or steamship line leading to Georgia has 
been granted to any one to sell tickets in Castle Garden. 

If the immigrant desires to settle in Northern Georgia, he will pur- 
chase his ticket from the East Tennessee, Virginia. & Georgia Rail- 
road, No. Broadway, New York. The fare by this route, 
including the steamship fare to Norfolk, Virginia, and thence by rail 
to Dalton, Georgia, is ten dollars ($10). If he desires to go to North- 
eastern Georgia, he can go to Atlanta, and thence to any point by the 
same route; or, by paying sixteen dollars ($16), he may go from New 
York to Atlanta via the Piedmont Air Line Railroad, office, No. 9, 
Astor House, New York. Most of the railroads throughout the State 
of Georgia will pass immigrants at one (1) cent a mile. 

Cheap freight rates.on household goods and utensils have been se- 
cured from New York to Savannah, and thence by the railroads. 
Most of these things can be bought in Georgia at such prices that it 
is not deemed advisable to pay freight on them to Georgia. 

The cost of living in Georgia is cheaper than in the West. The 
•droughts of Colorado, New Mexico and Texas are unknown in Geor- 
gia, and the State is not troubled with insects which so ravage Kansas 
and other Western States. In comparison with Montana and Min- 
nesota, Georgia offers five months more in which to labor during the 
year. Her early fruits and vegetables are among the first in the New 
York markets, and no State in the Union can better claim a climate 
which will admit of field work every week in the year. Ice is manu- 
factured and sold in Georgia at a price less than that charged for it 
in New York, eight pounds being sold for five cents. Breweries have 
been established at Atlanta and other places, and the beer made is 
of best quality. 

Immigrants who speak a foreign language only should come, it 
possible, in colonies, in order that they may have at all times con- 
genial society. Write to the Commissioner of Immigration, Atlanta, 
Georgia, for terms concerning land, water-power, manufacturing 
sites, prices in Georgia, etc., etc., and know before you come where 



136 STATE OF GEOKGIA. 

you are going, cost of transportation, and all necessary facts. En- 
close stamp in letter. 

To the Northern people, especially the soldiers in the late war be- 
tween the States, we extend a cordial invitation to become citizens of 
Georgia. Georgians fought you bravely in war, but that is over, 
and we welcome you as sincerely in peace. We reverence the mem- 
ory of our own heroic dead, who fought and died in defence of what 
they esteemed their constitutional rights, but we bear no malice 
toward those who as honestly differed with us. 

" The soldier's spirit greets the soldier's call, 

There is no hate between the brave and brave ; 
And he whose hand in battle labored first, 
When darkness falls will labor first to save." 

With patriotic devotion unexcelled in history, the Southern people 
in defence of the rights of the States, freely contributed their fortunes 
and the lives of the flower of the population — the wealthiest bearing 
the brunt of the conflict as private soldiers, side by side with the 
poorest, from Manassas to Appomattox, when General Grant re- 
turned the sword of General Lee with the chivalric remark : "You 
are overcome, not conquered." But we accept, without murmuring, 
the results of that conflict. The amendments to the Constitution 
have been honestly and finally accepted ; secession is no longer 
claimed as a constitutional right, and there is not one man in ten 
thousand in the South who would restore slavery if he could. The 
incubus of slavery has been removed, finally and forever, and the 
civil and political rights of the lately enfranchised Negro is, in 
Georgia, as perfectly protected and. maintained as in Massachusetts 
or any State in the Union. The gallant deeds of the American sol- 
dier, South and North, is a common heritage of all Americans. 



APPENDIX. 



The appendix added here contains " A Partial List of Water-Powers 
in Georgia," which was prepared by Dr. Little, State Geologist, for 
the Hand-Book of Georgia, published by Dr. Janes, the former Com- 
missioner of Agriculture. Also List of the Woody Plants of Georgia, 
which was also prepared by Dr. Little. For the Statistical Tables 
added, I am indebted to Chief Nimmo of the United States Bureau 
of Statistics. It is regretted that the Census returns for 1880, are not 
completed before this little work goes to press. Land Tables, giving 
the price, location and characteristics of land offered for sale in every 
part ot the State, will be prepared as soon as circumstances will 
permit 



138 



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155 



LIST OF WOODY PLANTS OF GEORGIA. 



1 2 Magnoliacea;. 

2 2 

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9 

10 3 Anonacere. 

11 3 

12 24 Tiliaceae. 
13 

14 25 Camilliacese. 

15 

16 

17 

18 34 Rutaceae. 

19 

20 37 Anacardiaceae. 

21 37 

22 37 

23 37 

24 37 

25 37 " 

26 37 

27 33 Vilacese. 

28 38 

29 38 

30 38 

31 38 " 

32 39 Rhamnaceae. 

33 39 
34 

35 40 Celastraceae. 

36 40 

37 41 Staphylaceae. 

38 42 Sapindaceae. 

39 42 

40 42 " 

41 42 Sapindaceae. 

42 42 

43 43 Aceraceae. 
44 

45 

46 

47 " 

48 

49 47 Leguminocese. 

50 47 

51 47 " 

52 47 " 

53 47 « 



BOTANICAL NAME. 
GENUS. SPECIES. 

Illicium Floridanum. 
Magnolia grandiflora. 
glauca. 
" umbrella. 
" acuminata. 
"« cordata. 
" Fraseri. 
" Macrophylla. 
Liriodendron tulipefera. 
Asinima triloba. 

" grandiflora. 
Tilia Americana. 
" pubescens. 
Gordonia lasianthus. 
" pubescens. 
Stuartia Virginica. 
" pentagyna. 
Xanthoxylum Carolinianum. 
Ptilea trifoliata. 
Rhus typhina. 
" glabra. 
" copallina. 
" pumilla. 
" , venenata i 

" ) toxicodendron. ) 
" Aromatica. 
Vitis labrusca. 
" aestivalis. 
" cordifolia. 
" vulpina. 
Ampelopsis quinque folia. 
Bircliimia volubilis. 
Rhamnus lanceolatus. 
Trangula Caroliniana. 
Euonymus Americanus. 
" atropurpuria. 
Staphyla tril'olia. 
Sapindus marginatus. 
JEsculus glabra. 
" pavia. 
Sapindus flora. 
Ascolus pariflora. 
Acer Pennsylvanicum. 
" spicatum. 
" saccharinum. 
" dasycarpum. 
" aubrum. 
Negund accroides. 
Amorpha herbacia. 

" canescens. 
Robinia pseudacaia. 
" viscosa. 
*< hlepida. 



COMMON NAME. 

Anise Tree. 
Magnolia. 
Sweet Bay. 



White Poplar. Murray. 

Papaw. Murray. 



American Lince. 
Loblolly Bay. 



[Toothache Tree. 
Prickly Ash or 
Hop Tree. 



Sumach. Murray. 

Poison Elder. 
Poison Oak. 

Fox Grape. 

Summer Grape. 

Frost Grape. Murray. 

Muscadine or Bullace. 

Virginia Creeper. 

Supple Jack. 

Buckthorn. 

Carolina Buckthorn. 

Strawberry Bush. 

Bladder-nut. 

Soapberry. 

Horse-chestnut. 

Buckeye. Whitefield 



Striped Maple. 

Mountain Maple. 

Sugar Maple. 

Silver Maple. Murray. 

Red or Swamp Maple. 

Ash-leaved Maple. 



Locust- 



156 



APPENDIX. 



list of -woody plants of Georgia. — {Continued.) 



HO. 


NO -? F FAMILT. 

fam'y. 


BOTANICAL NAME. 
GENUS. SPECIES. 


COMMON NAME. 


COUNTY, 


54 


47 


Leguminoceae. 


Whistaria frutescens. 






55 


47 


" 


Erythrina herbacia. 






56 


47 


" 


Cladrustis tinctoria. 


Yellow Wood. 




57 


47 


" 


Circis Canadensis. 


Red Bud. 


Murray. 


58 


47 


" 


Gleditschia triacanthos. 






59 


47 


" 


" Tnonosperma. 






60 


48 


Rosacea. 


Chrysobalanus oblorigifolius 






61 


48 


" 


Prunus Americana. 






62 


48 


" 


" umbellata. 






63 


48 


" 


" serotina. 


Wild Cherry. 


Murray.. 


64 


48 


" 


'' Yirginiana. 






65 


48 


" 


" Carolinacana. 


Mock Orange. 




66 


48 


" 


Crataegus spathulata. 


Hawthorn. 




67 


48 


" 


" aestivalis. 


Summer or Red Haw. 


68 


48 


" 








69 


48 


" 


7 otber species. 






70 


48 


" 


Pyrus corouaria. 






71 


48 


" 


" angustifolia. 






72 


48 


" 


" anarbulifolia. 






73 




" 


" Americana. 






74 




" 


Amelancbier Canadensis. 






75 


49 


Calycanthaceae. Calycanthus Floridus. 






76 


.49 


" 


" laevigatas. 






77 


49 


" 


" g'laucus. 






78 


52 


Lythraceae. 


Neseae verticillata. 






79 


57 


Grossulaceas. 


Ribes. 






SO 


64 


Saxifragaceae. 


Hydrangea arborescens. 






81 


64 


" 


" radiata. 






82 


64 


" 


" quercifolia. 






83 


64 


" 


Decumaria Barbara. 






84 






Philadelphus grandiflorus. 


Syringa. 




85 


65 


Hamamalacese 


. Hamamelis Virginica. 


Witch Hazel. 


Murray. 


86 


65 


" 


Fothergilla alnifolia. 






87 


65 


. " 


Liquidambar styraciflua. 


Sweet Gum. 


Murray. 


88 


68 


Cornaceae. 


Cornua alterniflora. 






89 


68 


" 


" stricta. 






90 


68 


" 


" paniculata. 






91 


68 


" 


" sericea. 






92 


68 


" 


" asperifolia. 






93 


68 


" 


" Florida. 


Dogwood. 


Whiteneid 


94 


68 


" 


Nyssa multiflora. 


Sour Gum. 


Murray.. 


95 


68 


" 


" agnatica. 






96 


68 


" 


" uniflora. 






97 


68 


" 


" capitata. 


Ogecchee Lima 




98 


69 


Capsifoliaceae. 


Symphoricarpus vulgac!5. 


Snowberry. 




99 


69 


" 


Sambucus Canadensis. 


Elder. 




100 


.69 


" 


Vibernum prunifolium. 






101 




" 


" lentago. 






102 




" 


" obovatum. 






103 




" 


" acerifolium. 






104 


69 


" 


nudum. 






105 


69 


" 


dentatum. 






106 


69 


" 


scabrellum. 






187 


70 


Rubiaceae. 


Cephalanthus occidectalis. 


Button-bush. 





APPENDIX. 



157 



list of woody tlants of Georgia. — (Continued.) 



»°- 11JI — 



BOTANICAL NAME. 
UBNUS. SPECIES. 



108 


70 


Rubiacese. 


Pinckneya pubens. 


Georgia Bark. 


109 


70 


" 


Gelsemium sempervirens. 


Yellow Jessamine. 


110 


76 


Ericaceae. 


Gaylus^acias frondosa. 


Huckleberry. 


111 


76 


" 


" duruosa. 




112 


76 


" 


" resinosa. 




113 


76 


" 


Vaccinium crassifolium. 


Huckleb'ry, Blue- 


114 


76 


" 


" stamineum. 


[berry. 


115 


70 


" 


" arborcum. 




116 


76 


" 


" nitidum. 




117 


76 


" 


" myrsinites. 




118 
119 


76 
76 


" 


" tenellum. 
" Elliottii. 




120 


76 


" 


" corymbosum. 




121 


76 


" 


Leucothoe axillaris. 




122 


76 


" 


" catesbaei. 




123 


76 


" 


" acuminata. 




124 


76 


" 


" racemosa. 




125 


76 


" 


Andromeda ferruginea. 




126 


76 


" 


Oxydendrum arboreum. 


SourWood or Sor- 


127 


76 


" 


Cletlira. 


[rel Tree.Murray. 


128 


76 


" 


Ka Until latil'olia. 


Calico Bush. 


129 


76 


" 


" anguetifolia. 


Sheep Laurel. Murray. 


130 


76 


" 


Rhododendron arborescens. 


Roseboy Honey- 


131 


76 


" 


" maximum. 


[suckle. 


132 


78 


Aquifoliacese. 


Ilex opaca. 


Holly. Murray. 


133 


-78 


" 


" dahoon. 




134 


78 


t( 


" caseine. 




135 


78 


" 


" ambigua. 




136 


79 


Styrataceae. 


Styrax pulverulentum. 


Storax. 


137 


79 


" 


" grandifolium. 




138 


79 


" 


" Amer.canum. 




139 


79 


" 


Halesia diptera. 


Snowdrop Tree. 


140 


79 


" 


" letraptera. 




141 


79 


" 


Symplocos tinctoria. 




142 


80 


Cyrillaceae. 


Cyrilla racemiflora. 




143 


80 


" 


Cliftonia ligustrina. 


Titi. 


144 


80 


" 


Elliottia racemosa. 




145 


81 


Ebenaceas. 


Dyospyros Virginiana. 


Persimmon. Murray. 


146 


82 


Sapotaceae. 


Bumelia canuginosa. 




147 


89 


Bignoniaceae. 


Bignonia capreolata. 


Crossvine. Murray. 


148 


89 


" 


Tecomia radicans. 


Trumpet Flower. 


149 


89 


" 


Catalpa bignonioides. 




150 


93 


Verbenaceee. 


Lantana camara. 




151 


93 


" 


Calicarpa Americana. 


French Mulberry Murray. 


152 


104 


Oleaceae. 


Olea Americana. 


Olive. 


153 


104 


" 


Chionanthus Virginica. 


Fringe Tree. 


154 


104 


" 


Fraxinus Americana. 


White Ash. Murray- 


155 


104 


» 


" pubescens. 


Red Ash. 


156 


104 


" 


" viridis. 


Green Ash. 


157 


104 


11 


" platycarpa. 


Water Ash. 


158 


104 


" 


Forestiera liguslrina. 




159 


111 


Lauraceae. 


Persea Carolinensis. 


Red Bay. 


160 


111 


" 


Sassafras officinale. 


Sassafras. 


161 


111 


" 


Benzoin odoriferum. 


Spice Bush 



1158 



APPENDIX. 



list of woody plants op Georgia. — {Continued.) 



HO. 


££. "»«• 


BOTANICAL NAME. 
GENUS. SPECIES. 


COMMON NAME. 


COUNTY". 


162 


Ill 


Lauracese. 


Tetranthera geniculata. 






163 


112 


Thymeleaceae. 


Dirca palustris. 


Leatherwood. 


Murray. 


164 


124 


Moracea?. 


Morus rubra. 


Mulberry. 


Murray. 


165 


125 


Ulmacese. 


Ulmus fulva. 


Slippery Elm. 


Murray. 


166 


125 


" 


" Americana. 


Elm. 


" 


167 


125 


" 


" alata. 


Wahoo. 


" 


168 


125 


" 


Planera aquatica. 


Planer Tree. 




169 


125 


" 


Celtis occidentalis. 


Nettle Tree. 




170 


126 


Platanaceae. 


Platanus occidentalis. 


Sycamore. 


Whitefleld. 


171 


127 


Juglandaceae. 


Carya alba. 


Shell-bark Hick 


" 


172 




t( 


" tomentosa. 


Hickory. [ory 




173 




" 


" glabra. 


Pig-nut. 


is 


174 




" 


" amara. 


Butternut. 




175 




" 


Juglans nigra. 


Black Walnut 




176 




ct 


" cinerea. 


Butternut. 




177 


128 


Cupuliferse. 


Quercus phellps. 


Willow Oak. 




.178 


128 


" 


" cinerea. 


High-ground Oak 




179 


128 


" 


" virens. 


Live Oak. 




180 


128 


" 


" aquatica. 


Water Oak. 




181 


128 


" 


" nigra. 


Black Jack. 




182 


128 


" 


" catesbsei. 


Turkey Oak. 




183 


128 


" 


" tinctoria. 


Black Oak. 


Whitefleld. 


184 


128 


" 


" coccinea. 


Scarlet Oak. 




185 




" 


" rubra. 


Red Oak. 


Whitefleld. 


186 


128 


" 


" Georgiana. 


Stone Mt. Oak. 




187 


128 


" 


" falcata. 


Spanish Oak. 


• 


188 


128 


" 


" ilicifolia. 


Bear Oak. 




189 


128 


" 


" obtusiloba. 


Post Oak. 


Whitefleld. 


190 


128 


" 


" alba. 


White Oak. 


" 


191 


128 


" 


" lyrata. 


Overcup Oak. 




192 


128 


it 


" prinns. 


Swamp Chestnut 




193 


128 


" 


" prinus. 


Chestnut Oak. 




194 


128 


" 


" prinoides. 


Chinquapin Oak. 




195 




" 


" Castanea Americana 


,. Chestnut. 


Whitefleld. 


196 




" 


Castanea pumila. 


Chinquapin. 




197 




" 


Fagus ferruginea. 


Beech. 


Murray. 


198 




" 


Coryllus Americana. 


Hazel-nut. 




199 




" 


" rostrata. 


. BeakedHazel-nut 




200 




" 


Carpinas Americana. 


Hornbeam. 


Whitefleld. 


201 




" 


Ostrya Virginica. 


Hop Hornbeam. 




202 


129 


Myricacese. 


Myrica cerifera. 


Wax Myrtle. 




203 


129 


" 


" inodora. 






204 


130 


Betulacese, 


Betnla nigra. 


Black Birch. 




205 


130 


" 


" lenta. 


Cherry Birch. 




206 


130 


" 


Alnus serrulata. 


Alder. 




207 


131 


Salicacese. 


Salix tristis. 


Sage Willow. 




•808 


131 


ii 


" humilis. 






,209 


131 


" 


" nigra. 




Whitefleld. 


210 




" 


Populus angulata. 






211 




it 


•' grandidentata. 






212 




u 


" heterophylla. 


Cotton-wood. 




.213 


132 


Couiferse. 


Pinus pungens. 






214 


132 


i< 


" inops. 


Scrub Pine. 




215 


132 


<« 


" glabra. 


Spruce Pine. 


Murray. 



APPENDIX. 



lo£ 



LIST OF WOODY PLANTS OF GEORGIA.— (Continued). 



NO. 


NO, OF 


FAMILY 


BOTANICAL NAME. 






pam'y. 




GENUS. SPECIES. 


COMMON NAME. 


COUNTY. 


216 


132 


Coniferae. 


Pinus mitus, 


Short-leaued Pine, 


Murray. 


217 


132 


" 


•' rigida, 


Pitch Pine, 




218 


132 


" 


" serotina, 


Pond Pine, 




219 


132 


" 


" tseda, 


Loblolly Pine, 


Whitefleld. 


220 


132 


" 


" australis, 


Long-leaved Pine, 




221 


132 


" 


" strobus, 


White Pine, 


Murray. 


222 


132 


" 


Abies Canadensis, 


Hemlock Spruce, 




223 


133 


" 


Juniperus Virginiana, 


Red Cedar, 




224 


132 


'• 


Cupressus thyoides, 


White Cedar, 




225 


132 


" 


Taxodium distichum, 


Cypress, 




826 




" 


Torreya taxifolia, 






227 


134 Palmaccse, 


Sabal palmetto, 






228 


131 


" 


" serrulata, 






229 


134 


" 


Chainaerops hystrix 






230 


134 


" 


Prunus spinosa, 


Bullace Plum, Sloe. 





160 



APPENDIX. 



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GE LITTLE, Ph.D. 

State Geologist. 

S. SCHLEY, M. E., Del. 

BXPLANA TION. 

County Seats 
Railroads •a mimi i mm i ii 



^fNESSEE / N.CAROLINA 



GEORGIA, 



CS5-WITH= 



&E0L0G-ICAL OUTLINES. 
GEORGE LITTLE, Ph.D.. 

State Geologist. 

W. S. SCHLEY, M. E., Del. 







LB Mr W 



